Novel terephthalic and trimellitic based acids and carboxylate derivatives thereof

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to novel substituted and unsubstituted terephthalic acid and carboxylate derivatives and products prepared therefrom having a significant renewable content. The invention also relates to processes for preparing substituted and unsubstituted terephthalic and carboxylate derivatives thereof wherein a portion of the starting materials utilized is derived from renewable resources. The invention also relates to novel cyclohexene based intermediates prepared in these processes and to conversion of these intermediates to substituted and unsubstituted cyclohexane-1,4-dicarboxylates and carboxylate derivatives thereof and novel forms of the resulting products having renewable content. The invention also relates to products prepared from substituted and unsubstituted terephthalic acid and carboxylate derivatives thereof derived from starting materials derived from renewable resources.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Application Ser.No. 61/187,444 filed Jun. 16, 2009 titled “NOVEL TEREPHTHALIC ANDTRIMELLITIC BASED ACIDS AND CARBOXYLATE DERIVATIVES THEREOF”incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF INVENTION

The present invention relates to novel benzene 1,4-dicarboxylatecompounds (terephthalic acid and carboxylate derivatives thereof) andproducts prepared therefrom having a significant renewable content. Theinvention also relates to processes for preparing benzene1,4-dicarboxylate compounds (terephthalic and carboxylate derivativesthereof) wherein a portion of the starting materials utilized is derivedfrom renewable resources. The invention also relates to novelcyclohexene 1,4-dicarboxylate based intermediates prepared in theseprocesses and to conversion of these intermediates to substituted andunsubstituted cyclohexane 1,4-dicarboxylates and derivatives thereof.The invention also relates to products prepared from such compoundsderived from starting materials themselves derived from renewableresources.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Terephthalic acid and trimellitic acids comprise a benzene ring withcarboxylate groups at the 1,4 and the 1,2,4 positions respectively.These acids and their carboxylate derivatives are useful in a variety ofcommercial products such as polyesters and plasticizers. At the presenttime these acids and their carboxylate derivatives are synthesizedcommercially from petroleum based starting materials, such as p-xylene.Due to volatility in hydrocarbon markets and the limited amount ofhydrocarbons available for future use it is desirable that methods ofpreparing such important compounds from renewable resources bedeveloped.

Some large agricultural crops such as corn and sugar cane and theby-products associated with their harvesting and processing which cannotbe used as a food source contain starch or cellulosic materials whichcan be broken down to simple sugars which can then be converted touseful products. See, for instance, Frost et. al. U.S. Pat. No.5,629,181; Frost U.S. Pat. No. 5,168,056; Frost et. al. U.S. Pat. No.5,272,073; Frost US Patent publication 2007/0178571, and Frost et. al.U.S. Pat. No. 5,616,496, incorporated herein by reference.

There is a need for substituted and unsubstituted benzene1,4-dicarboxylate compounds (terephthalic acid and carboxylatederivatives thereof) and processes for preparing such compounds fromstarting materials that can be made or derived from renewable resources,such as, for example, biomass or simple sugars which can then be derivedfrom biomass.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a method for preparing compoundscontaining at least one benzene ring and carboxylate derivatives at the1 and 4 positions of the benzene ring, and optionally at the 2 positionof the benzene ring. Such compounds include substituted andunsubstituted terephthalic acid and carboxylate derivatives thereof.Substituted terephthalates include compounds having a benzene ring withcarboxylic acid groups or carboxylate derivatives thereof at the 1 and 4position wherein the benzene ring may be substituted on other carbons.In one preferred embodiment, the benzene ring is substituted at the 2position. One preferred substituent at the 2 position is a carboxylicacid or carboxylate derivative thereof. Another preferred group ofsubstituents comprise a phenyl, an alkyl or a halogen group. Included inmore preferred substituted terephthalates are trimellitic acid andphenylterephthalic acid. As used herein, the term carboxylate refers toany group which contains a carbonyl group (C═O) wherein the carbonylgroup is bonded to an anion so as to form a salt, to a heteroatom, suchas oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur or one or more halogens. The heteroatom maybe further bonded by a covalent bond to one or more other groups, suchas hydrogen or hydrocarbyl groups which may optionally contain one ormore heteroatoms, or may be electronically bonded to a cation to form asalt. Alternatively, the carboxylate derivative can be a nitrile.Preferably, the carboxylate is an acyl halide, carboxylic acid, amide,ester, thiol ester, mercaptocarbonyl, anhydride, nitrile, salt with ananion or salt with a cation. Preferred cations include alkali metals andunsubstituted and hydrocarbyl substituted ammonium ions. The termcarboxylate as used herein includes the carboxylic acid form ofcarboxylate derivatives. The term carboxylic acid or acid is used hereinin contexts wherein the acid form is distinguished from othercarboxylate forms. The particular use hereinafter is clear from thecontext. The method comprises: contacting one or more muconic aciddienes or carboxylate derivatives thereof with one or more dienophilesunder conditions such that the one or more muconic acids or carboxylatederivatives thereof and one or more dienophiles form one or morecyclohexene ring containing compounds; and contacting the cyclohexenering containing compounds with one or more dehydrogenation catalysts,optionally in the presence of one or more oxidants, under conditionssuch that compounds containing an aromatic ring with carboxylatederivatives at the 1 and 4 position, and optionally the 2 position, areprepared. Where there are carboxylate derivatives at the 1 and 4position, the compounds are referred to herein as terephthalic acid orcarboxylate derivatives thereof. Where the final compounds additionallycontain a carboxylate at the 2 position of the aromatic ring in additionto the carboxylate derivatives at the 1 and 4 positions, the compoundsare referred to herein as a trimellitic acids or carboxylate derivativesthereof. In a preferred embodiment, the carboxylate derivatives areesters of the carboxylic acids, preferably hydrocarbyl carboxylates. Theone or more muconic acids, or carboxylate derivatives thereof, and theone or more dienophiles may be contacted neat or in the presence of asolvent. In another preferred embodiment, the one or more muconic acidsor carboxylate derivatives thereof are contacted with one or moredienophiles at a temperature of about 130° C. to about 170° C. In yetanother embodiment, the one or more muconic acids or carboxylatederivatives thereof and the one or more dienophiles are contacted in thepresence of one or more compounds which inhibit the polymerization ofcompounds containing unsaturated groups. In yet another embodiment, theone or more muconic acids or carboxylate derivatives thereof and the oneor more dienophiles are contacted in the presence of a Diels-Aldercycloaddition catalyst (Lewis acid). In yet another embodiment, the oneor more muconic acids or carboxylate derivatives thereof and the one ormore dienophiles are contacted in the presence of a isomerizationcatalyst, which interconverts the different muconic acids or carboxylatederivatives thereof to the trans,trans isomer.

Preferably, the one or more muconic acids, or carboxylate derivativesthereof, reacted with the dienophile are in the trans,trans isomericarrangement. In a preferred embodiment, the starting muconic acid iscis,cis muconic acid prepared by microbial synthesis. The product ofknown microbial synthesis is the cis,cis muconic acid isomer.Preferably, the muconic acid or the carboxylate derivatives used in theprocess of reacting one or more muconic acids or carboxylate estersthereof with one or more dienophiles are prepared by isomerization ofcis,cis muconic acid or cis, trans muconic acid. In a preferredembodiment, the one or more muconic acids or carboxylate derivativesthereof are prepared from one or more of cis,trans and cis,cis muconicacid or carboxylate derivatives thereof by contacting one or more ofcis,cis and cis,trans muconic acid or carboxylate derivatives thereofwith one or mote isomerization catalysts, ultraviolet radiation sourcesor both, in a solvent under conditions such that the cis,cis and/orcis,trans muconic acid or carboxylate derivatives thereof isomerize tothe trans,trans muconic acid or carboxylate derivatives thereof. Inanother preferred embodiment, the cis,cis muconic acid is converted totrans, trans muconic acid by the process comprising; a) exposing cis,cismuconic acid in water to elevated temperatures, above room temperature(about 23° C.) to form cis,trans muconic acid; b) cooling the muconicacid in water to a temperature at which the cis,trans isomerprecipitates from water; c) recovering the cis,trans muconic acid; andd) contacting the cis,trans muconic acid and one or more isomerizationcatalysts, ultraviolet radiation sources or both, under conditions suchthat the cis,trans muconic acid isomerizes to trans,trans muconic acid.

In one preferred embodiment, an ester form of muconic acid is reactedwith one or more dienophiles. Preferably, the ester is in thetrans,trans isomeric form. The sequence of isomerization andesterification of muconic acid is not critical. Thus, the esterifiedform of muconic acid may be subjected to isomerization afteresterification. Preferably, muconic acid is isomerized to thetrans,trans isomer before being esterified. The esterification step canbe performed by contacting one or more muconic acids with one or moreesterifying agents under conditions that one or more dihydrocarbylmuconates are formed. The one or more esterifying agents can be anycompounds which are capable, under reasonable reaction conditions, ofreplacing the hydrogens on the carboxylic acids located on the one ormore muconic acids with hydrocarbyl groups wherein the resulting estersare capable of reacting with the dienophiles as described hereinbefore.Preferred esterification agents are hydrocarbon based compoundscontaining hydroxyl groups. More preferred esterifying agents includealkanols, benzyl alcohol or phenol. In one preferred embodiment, thetrans,trans esters of muconic acid are prepared by a) contacting cis,cismuconic acid and one or more isomerization catalysts, ultravioletradiation sources, or both, in a solvent under conditions such that thecis,cis muconic acid isomerizes to the trans,trans muconic acid; b)recovering the trans,trans muconic acid; and c) contacting thetrans,trans muconic acid with an esterifying agent under conditions thattrans,trans dihydrocarbyl muconate is formed. In another embodiment, theone or more esters of muconic acid contacted with the dienophile areprepared by: a) exposing cis,cis muconic acid to elevated temperaturesin water; b) cooling the muconic acid in water to a temperature at whichthe cis,trans isomer precipitates from water; c) recovering thecis,trans muconic acid; and d) contacting the cis,trans muconic acid andone or more isomerization catalysts, ultraviolet radiation sources orboth, in a solvent under conditions such that the cis,trans muconic acidisomerizes to the trans,trans muconic acid; e) recovering thetrans,trans muconic acid; and f) contacting the trans,trans muconic acidwith an esterifying agent in the presence of one or more acids underconditions that trans,trans dihydrocarbyl muconate is formed. In anotherembodiment, the invention is a method for preparing trans,transdihydrocarbyl muconate comprising: a) contacting cis,cis muconic acidwith an esterifying agent in the presence of an acid under conditionsthat one or more of cis,cis and cis,trans dihydrocarbyl muconate isformed; b) recovering the one or more of cis,cis and cis,transdihydrocarbyl muconate; and c) contacting the one or more of cis,cis andcis,trans dihydrocarbyl muconate and one or more isomerizationcatalysts, ultraviolet radiation sources or both, in a solvent for aperiod of time such that the cis,cis and cis,trans dihydrocarbylmuconate isomerize to the trans,trans dihydrocarbyl muconate.

In one preferred embodiment, the invention is a method for preparing asubstituted or unsubstituted benzene 1,4 dicarboxylate (terephthalicacid or terephthalate carboxylate ester based compound) comprising a)contacting cis,cis muconic acid and iodine in the presence ofultraviolet light in a protic or aprotic solvent at a temperature for aperiod of time such that the cis,cis muconic acid isomerizes to thetrans,trans muconic acid; b) recovering the trans,trans muconic acid;and c) contacting the trans,trans muconic acid with one or more alkanolsin the presence of one or more strong acids under conditions that one ormore trans,trans dialkyl muconates are formed; d) contacting the one ormore dialkyl muconates with one or more dienophiles at a temperature ofabout 130° C. to about 170° C. under conditions such that the dialkylmuconates and dienophiles form one or more cyclohexene ring containingcompounds; and contacting the one or more cyclohexene ring containingcompounds with one or more dehydrogenation catalysts, optionally in thepresence of one or more oxidants, under conditions such that one or morecompounds containing a benzene ring with hydrocarbyl carboxylate estersor carboxylic acid groups at the 1 and 4 position are prepared.

In one embodiment, the isomerization of the one or more dihydrocarbylesters of muconic acid to the trans,trans isomer can be performed insitu in the same reaction mixture as the reaction of the esters with thedienophiles. In this embodiment, one or more compounds containing abenzene ring with hydrocarbyl carboxylates esters at the 1 and 4position (one or more terephthalate ester based compounds) are preparedby the process comprising contacting one or more of cis,cis or cis,transmuconic acid esters with one or more dienophiles at elevatedtemperatures under conditions such that the one or more muconic acidesters and the one or more dienophiles form one or more compounds with acyclohexene ring having carboxylate ester groups at the 1 and 4position; and contacting the one or more cyclohexene ring containingcompounds with one or more dehydrogenation catalysts, optionally in thepresence of one or more oxidants, under conditions such that one or morecompounds containing a benzene ring with hydrocarbyl carboxylate estersat the 1 and 4 position are prepared. This process is preferablyconducted in a solvent, preferably a nonpolar aprotic solvent.Preferably this reaction is carried out at a temperature of about 130°C. to about 170° C. In one embodiment, the isomerization of the one ormore isomers of muconic acid to the trans,trans isomer can be performedin situ in the same reaction mixture as the reaction of the muconicacids with the dienophiles. In this embodiment, one or more compoundscontaining a benzene ring with hydrocarbyl carboxylates esters at the 1and 4 position (one or more terephthalate ester based compounds) areprepared by the process comprising contacting one or more of cis,cis orcis,trans muconic acid with one or more dienophiles at elevatedtemperatures under conditions such that the one or more muconic acidisomers and the one or more dienophiles form one or more compounds witha cyclohexene ring having carboxylic acid groups at the 1 and 4position; and contacting the one or more cyclohexene ring containingcompounds with one or more dehydrogenation catalysts, optionally in thepresence of one or more oxidants, under conditions such that one or morecompounds containing a benzene ring with carboxylic acids groups at the1 and 4 position are prepared and/or reacted with an esterifying agentunder conditions such that carboxylic acid groups are converted tohydrocarbyl carboxylate groups. The hydrogenation and esterificationsteps may be performed in either sequence.

In one embodiment, the one or more starting dienophiles is one or morealkene based compounds. In this embodiment, the reaction of the one ormore muconic acids, or carboxylate derivatives thereof, with the one ormore alkene based compounds comprises contacting one or more muconicacids or carboxylate derivatives thereof with one or more alkene basedcompounds under conditions such that the one or more muconic acids, orcarboxylate derivatives thereof, and the one or more alkene compoundsform one or more compounds containing a cyclohexene ring havingcarboxylate groups at the 1 and 4 position.

In another embodiment, the invention is a method for preparing one ormore trimellitate based compounds comprising contacting one or moremuconic acids, or carboxylate derivatives thereof, with one or morealkynes, having a carboxylate ester bound to one carbon of the triplebond, under conditions such that the one or more muconic acids, orcarboxylate derivatives thereof, and one or more alkynes form one ormore trimellitate based acids, or carboxylate derivatives thereof. Inthis embodiment, an oxidant, such as oxygen, present in the reactionmixture affects oxidation to the aromatic compound, so no separatedehydrogenation step is required.

In another embodiment the invention relates to the products prepared bythe processes described herein. In those embodiments wherein thestarting muconic acid is prepared from biomass, the resulting productsof the process contain a significant percentage of carbon derived fromrenewable resources. Such products are unique because the productscontain a detectable trace or amount of carbon 14, and preferably up toabout 1 part per trillion, as determined according to ASTM D6866-08. Theresulting products preferably contain 6 or greater carbons, morepreferably 8 or greater carbons, derived from renewable resources, suchas biomass, preferably by microbial synthesis. The resulting productsare prepared from renewable resources prepared by microbial synthesis.In embodiments wherein the products are utilized to prepare polymers,the monomer units preferably contain 6 or greater carbons, and morepreferably 8 or greater carbons, derived from renewable resources, suchas biomass.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES

FIG. 1 shows the reaction sequence of Examples 43 to 47.

FIG. 2 shows the concentration of materials at various time intervals inExample 54.

FIG. 3 shows the reaction sequence of Example 85.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

The following discussion applies to the teachings as a whole. Unlessotherwise stated, all ranges include both endpoints and all numbersbetween the endpoints. The use of “about” or “approximately” inconnection with a range applies to both ends of the range. Thus, “about20 to 30” is intended to cover “about 20 to about 30”, inclusive of atleast the specified endpoints.

The disclosures of all articles and references, including patentapplications and publications, are incorporated by reference for allpurposes. References to the term “consisting essentially of” to describea combination shall include the elements, ingredients, components orsteps identified, and such other elements ingredients, components orsteps that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristicsof the combination. The use of the terms “comprising” or “including” todescribe combinations of elements, ingredients, components or stepsherein also contemplates embodiments that consist essentially of theelements, ingredients, components or steps.

Plural elements, ingredients, components or steps can be provided by asingle integrated element, ingredient, component or step. Alternatively,a single integrated element, ingredient, component or step might bedivided into separate plural elements, ingredients, components or steps.The disclosure of “a” or “one” to describe an element, ingredient,component or step is not intended to foreclose additional elements,ingredients, components or steps. Likewise, any reference to “first” or“second” items is not intended to foreclose additional items (e.g.,third, fourth, or more items); such additional items are alsocontemplated, unless otherwise stated. All references herein to elementsor metals belonging to a certain Group refer to the Periodic Table ofthe Elements published and copyrighted by CRC Press, Inc., 1989. Anyreference to the Group or Groups shall be to the Group or Groups asreflected in this Periodic Table of the Elements using the IUPAC systemfor numbering groups. Monomer units as used herein refer to therepeating unit of a polymeric structure. Derived from means preparedfrom or prepared using. Hydrocarbyl as used herein refers to a groupcontaining one or more carbon atom backbones and hydrogen atoms, whichmay optionally contain one or more heteroatoms. Where the hydrocarbylgroup contains heteroatoms, the heteroatoms may form one or morefunctional groups well known to one skilled in the art. Hydrocarbylgroups may contain cycloaliphatic, aliphatic, aromatic or anycombination of such segments. The aliphatic segments can be straight orbranched. The aliphatic and cycloaliphatic segments may include one ormore double and/or triple bonds. Included in hydrocarbyl groups arealkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, alkaryl andaralkyl groups. Cycloaliphatic groups may contain both cyclic portionsand noncyclic portions.

The present invention pertains generally to the synthesis of monomericmaterials, polymeric materials or both. In one aspect, the invention isdirected at synthesis that uses as a source of at least one startingmaterial a biomass-derived product. For example, one preferred approachthat is addressed herein pertains to the use of at least onedicarboxylic acid (e.g., muconic acid) or carboxylate derivative thereofderived from microbial synthesis. Examples of microbial synthesisprocesses taught in the art include, without limitation. Frost et. al.U.S. Pat. No. 5,616,496, incorporated herein by reference.

Another aspect of the invention pertains to the isomerization of atleast one dicarboxylic acid (e.g., muconic acid) or carboxylatederivative thereof. More specifically, according to this aspect, cis,cicmuconic acid or an ester thereof, is isomerized to a trans,transconfiguration. The isomerization may be pursued under an approach thatincludes one or more of a step of esterifying cis,cis muconic acid andthen isomerizing the resulting ester, a step of isomerizing cis,cismuconic acid and then esterifying the resulting isomer, or a step of insitu isomerization (pursuant to which trans,trans muconic acid isreacted in the presence of one or more dienophiles).

Another aspect of the invention relates to the formation of one or morecyclohexenes from one or more muconic acids or carboxylate derivativesthereof. For example, pursuant to this aspect a trans,trans muconic acidor a carboxylate derivative thereof (e.g., the trans,trans muconic acidor a carboxylate derivative thereof described above, optionally derivedfrom biomass) may be reacted to form a cyclohexene having a carboxylatederivatives located in at least two positions, such as the 1 and 4positions, of the cyclohexene rings.

Yet another aspect of the invention relates to the formation of one ormore carboxylate derivatives of the above described one or morecyclohexene ring containing compounds. In particular, the teachingsherein describe reactions for hydrogenating or dehydrogenating one ormore cyclohexene containing compounds (e.g., derived from one or moremuconic acids or carboxylate derivatives thereof) to form cyclohexenehydrogenation products (e.g. substituted cyclohexane products) orcyclohexene dehydrogenation products thereof (e.g. substituted benzeneproducts). The dehydrogenation products are one or more productsselected from substituted or unsubstituted terephthalic acid orcarboxylate derivatives thereof.

Yet another aspect of the invention herein pertains to unique productsthat have the characteristics realized from the reactions described, anduse of these products in subsequent applications.

The processes of the invention include the preparation of compoundshaving at least one benzene ring and carboxylates at the 1 and 4position of the benzene ring and optionally at the 2 position of thebenzene ring. In preferred embodiments these products can be referred toas substituted or unsubstituted terephthalic acid or carboxylatederivatives thereof. The process of the invention requires reaction ofone or more muconic acids or carboxylate derivatives thereof with one ormore dienophiles. Several other process steps may be included with thisstep. The following steps may be included in the preparation of thedesired products: conversion of sugars, carbohydrates or cellulosicmatter contained in biomass to muconic acid, typically the cis,cisisomer of muconic acid; isomerization of cis,cis and/or cis,transmuconic acid, or an ester thereof, to the trans,trans isomer;esterification of the one or more muconic acids to form one or moredihydrocarbyl esters of muconic acid; conversion of the one or morecarboxylic acids or carboxylate esters thereof to another carboxylatederivative form; formation of one or more cyclohexene or benzene ringcontaining compounds having carboxylates at the 1 and 4, and optionallythe 2 position, of the rings; dehydrogenation of the one or morecyclohexene compounds to form benzene ring containing compounds orhydrogenation of the one or more cyclohexene compounds to formcyclohexane ring containing compounds; and esterification of one or morebenzene, cyclohexene, cyclohexane having carboxylate groups at the 1,4and optionally 2, positions.

Muconic acid can be prepared from biomass by any means known in the art,including the process described in Frost et. al U.S. Pat. No. 5,616,496,incorporated herein by reference. The resulting product is typicallyrecovered by filtration techniques in the form of the cis,cis isomer ofmuconic acid. The cis,cis and cis,trans isomers of muconic acid do notreact with dienophiles and therefore need to be isomerized for use inthe reaction with dienophiles as described herein. Other methods ofpreparing muconic acid are known and muconic acid prepared by theseprocesses can be used as the starting material in the processes of thisinvention. Preferably, the muconic acid used in the process stepsdescribed herein is prepared from biomass and more preferably by amicrobial synthesis itself utilizing biomass or compounds derived frombiomass such as, for example carbohydrates.

In the embodiment where cis,cis and/or cis,trans muconic acids are usedas the starting materials, they may be used in crude form or in purifiedform. When used in crude form it is preferred to remove microorganismsused as host cells in the preparation of muconic acid from sugars,starches, cellulosic materials and the like. The microorganisms areremoved to prevent their interference with the various synthetic stepsperformed in the process. The microorganisms may be removed by meanswell known in the art, such as by filtration. The crude muconic acidsmay contain proteins, inorganic salts and the like. In certainprocessing sequences, as described hereinafter, it is preferable topurify the muconic acids. Preferably, purified cis,cis and/or cis,transmuconic acid are used for these processes: for the in situ isomerizationof muconic acid and subsequent reaction with a dienophile in the samereaction vessel and where the cis,cis or cis,trans are esterified beforeisomerization to the trans,trans isomeric form.

Crude cis,cis and/or cis,trans muconic acid can be purified bydissolution in water or organic solvents and subsequentrecrystallization from solution. Generally, the crude muconic acid andwater or organic solvents need to be heated to dissolve the muconicacid. Cooling to ambient temperature, about 23° C., typically results inprecipitation of purified muconic acid. Cooling to less than ambient,down to about 0° C. facilitates higher recovery or yields of purifiedmuconic acids. The mixture of crude muconic acid and water or organicsolvent is preferably heated to about 50° C. or greater to dissolve themuconic acid. The upper limit on heating of the mixture is limited bydecomposition of the muconic acid and practicality. Preferred organicsolvents for this process step are polar aprotic solvents, with alkanolsbeing more preferred. Alkanols useful as solvents comprise straight andbranched hydrocarbon chain further containing compounds further one ormore, preferably one, hydroxyl groups. Preferred alkanols are C₁₋₆straight and branched chain alkanols, with methanol, ethanol, andisopropanol most preferred. After precipitation of the purified muconicacid, the solvent is decanted off and the solid muconic acid is furtherdried, that is the residual solvent is removed by evaporation underreduced pressure. Preferably, the feedstock for this process is crudecis,cis muconic acid.

Cis,cis muconic acid can be isomerized directly to trans,trans muconicacid or isomerized to cis,trans muconic acid and then the cis,transmuconic acid can be isomerized to trans,trans muconic acid. Mixtures ofcis,cis and cis,trans muconic acid can be isomerized to trans,transmuconic acid. Either muconic acid, or a carboxylase ester thereof, maybe reacted with dienophiles to prepare the desired compounds. When anester is used, the muconic acid can be isomerized or esterified firstand then the other process step performed. Thus, in the isomerizationstep or steps performed to transform cis,cis muconate to the trans,transmuconate, the starting material can be in the acid or the carboxylateester form.

In one embodiment, the cis,cis muconic acid, or ester thereof, may beconverted to the cis,trans isomer in a discrete step. In such discretestep, the cis,cis muconic acid or ester thereof is dissolved ordispersed in water and exposed to elevated temperatures to convert thecis,cis muconic acid, or ester thereof, to the cis,trans isomer.Preferably, a sufficient amount of base is added such that the pH of thereaction mixture is about 4 or greater and more preferably about 4.5 orgreater. Preferably, a sufficient amount of base is added such that thepH of the reaction mixture is about 6 or less and more preferably about5.5 or less. Temperatures which may be used for this process stepsinclude any temperature at which the isomerization proceeds. In oneembodiment, the process is performed under reflux conditions. Thisprocess step is performed as long as required to convert the desiredamount of cis,cis muconic acid or ester thereof to the cis,trans isomer.Preferably, this process step is performed for about 10 minutes orgreater. Preferably, this process step is performed for about 60 minutesor less and more preferably about 30 minutes or less. The pH of thereaction mixture, the reaction temperature and the reaction time areinterdependent. Within the preferred ranges recited, as the pH andtemperature are increased the required reaction times are decreased.Preferably, the temperature, pH and reaction time are chosen to minimizethe time required to perform the isomerization, while avoiding unwantedreactions or impractical operations.

In one embodiment, the starting muconic acid or carboxylate derivativethereof, are contacted with one or more isomerization catalysts, asource of ultraviolet radiation or both, in solvent to form thetrans,trans muconic acid. The starting muconic acid or carboxylatederivative thereof can be in the cis,cis, cis,trans or any combinationof both isomeric forms. Any source of ultraviolet radiation whichgenerates a radical under the conditions of the process may be used.Among preferred sources of ultraviolet radiation are light bulbs, xenonlamps, medium pressure mercury lamps or electrodeless lamps, naturallight and the like. To enhance radical formation, where the radicalformer is ultraviolet radiation, a photoinitiator may be used incombination with the ultraviolet radiation source. Any commonly knownphotoinitiator useful with olefinically unsaturated compounds may beused in the processes described herein. Included in photoinitiatorsuseful in this process are those disclosed in Baikerikar et. al. USPatent Publication 2007/0151178 paragraphs 0029, 0030 and 0032incorporated herein by reference. Among preferred photoinitiators arealpha aminoketones, alpha hydroxyketone, phosphine oxides,phenylglyoxalates, thioanthones, benzophenones, benzoin ethers, oximeesters, amine synergists, maleimides, mixtures thereof and the like.Isomerization catalysts include any compounds which form radicals inunsaturated compounds when exposed to the reaction conditions,preferably under thermal conditions. Any isomerization catalyst with asuitable half life at the reaction temperatures of this process step canbe used. Among preferred isomerization catalysts are compounds containedin the following classes: elemental halogens; dialkyl peroxides, such asdi-tertiary-butyl peroxide,2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di-tertiary-butyl-peroxyhexane, di-cumyl peroxide;alkyl peroxides, such as, tertiary-butyl hydroperoxide, tertiary-octylhydroperoxide, cumene hydroperoxide; aroyl peroxides, such as benzoylperoxide; peroxy esters, such as tertiary-butyl peroxypivalate,tertiary-butyl perbenzoate; and azo compounds, such asazo-bis-isobutyronitrile, and the like. More preferred compounds usefulas isomerization catalysts are elemental halogens; with bromine,chlorine and iodine even more preferred; and iodine most preferred.Alternatively, the isomerization catalyst can be a hydrogenationcatalyst as described hereinafter. Among preferred hydrogenationcatalysts useful as an isomerization catalyst are nickel, platinum andpalladium in homogeneous and heterogeneous forms. More preferred areheterogeneous catalysts, with carbon as the most preferred support. Amost preferred catalyst for this purpose is palladium on carbon. Theamount of isomerization catalyst used is that amount which catalyzes theisomerization of the muconic acid or a carboxylate derivative thereof.If too little is used the reaction does not proceed at a practical rate.If too much is used the isomerization catalyst may add to one of thedouble bonds of the muconic acid or carboxylate derivative thereof. Theisomerization catalysts are preferably present in the reaction mixturein an amount of about 0.0001 equivalents or greater based on theequivalents of muconic acid or carboxylate derivatives thereof, morepreferably about 0.001 equivalents or greater and most preferably about0.005 equivalents or greater. The isomerization catalysts are preferablypresent in the reaction mixture in an amount of about 1.0 equivalent orless based on the equivalents of the muconic acid or carboxylate estersthereof, more preferably about 0.1 equivalents or less and about 0.01equivalents or less. Any temperature at which isomerization of themuconic acid or ester thereof to the trans,trans isomeric form occursmay be used. Preferably, the temperature is about 23° C. or greater andmost preferably about 60° C. or greater. Preferably, the temperature isabout 150° C. or less, more preferably about 120° C. or less and mostpreferably about 100° C. or less. This process step is preferablyperformed at ambient temperatures or elevated temperatures. The limitingfactor is solubility of the starting muconic acid or carboxylate estersin the solvents. Preferably, the solvent is saturated with muconic acidor one or more carboxylate derivatives thereof. The use of elevatedtemperatures renders the process more efficient by allowing a greateramount of starting muconic acid or carboxylate esters thereof to contactthe isomerization catalyst. Preferably this process step is performed ina solvent. Any solvent which dissolves or disperses the reactants andwhich does not interfere in the desired reaction may be used for thisstep. Preferably, the solvent is polar and may be protic or aprotic.Protic in regard to a solvent means the solvent has a proton whichfreely dissociates, such an active hydrogen. Aprotic in regard to asolvent means the solvent does not have a proton which freelydissociates. Among preferred solvents are cyclic ethers, acyclic ethers,acetonitrile, dimethyl sulphoxide, N-methylpyrrolidone, ketones, alkylacetates, alkanols or dimethylformamide and the like. More preferredsolvents include C₁₋₄alkanols, cyclic ethers, acyclic ethers, ethylacetate, acetone and acetonitrile. This process step is performed aslong as required to convert the desired amount of cis,cis and/orcis,trans muconic acid or ester thereof to the trans,trans isomer. Inone preferred embodiment wherein cis,trans muconic acid is the startingmaterial, the solvent used is aprotic and is more preferably an aproticsolvent from which trans,trans muconic acid precipitates at ambienttemperatures. In this embodiment, the preferred solvents are cyclicethers, alkyl acetates, and nitriles; with tetrahydrofuran, alkylsubstituted tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, and acetonitrile more preferred;and tetrahydrofuran and methyl tetrahydrofuran most preferred. In apreferred embodiment, the starting muconic acid or carboxylatederivatives thereof are contacted with an isomerization catalyst and asource of ultraviolet radiation at elevated temperatures. Thetrans,trans muconic acid or carboxylate derivatives thereof areinsoluble in the preferred solvents and precipitate from the reactionmixture. It can be recovered by simple removal, for instance bydecantation, of the solvent from the reaction mixture. Preferably, theyield of trans,trans muconic acid or ester thereof is about 80 percentby weight or greater based on the weight of the starting muconic acid orester thereof, more preferably about 90 percent by weight or greater andmost preferably about 99 percent by weight or greater. Preferably, thetrans,trans muconic acid recovered exhibits a purity of about 99 percentby weight or greater. Preferably the trans,trans muconic acid exhibits adetectable trace of carbon 14 number and more preferably up to about 1part per trillion of carbon 14. In a preferred embodiment, the recoveredtrans,trans muconic acid or ester thereof has about 6 carbon atoms orgreater derived from renewable resources such as biomass.

In the embodiment wherein muconic acid, or an ester thereof, is in thecis,trans isomeric arrangement, a preferred means of converting thecis,trans muconic acid, or ester thereof, to the trans,trans muconicacid or an ester thereof comprises contacting the cis,trans muconicacid, or an ester thereof, with an isomerization catalyst in an organicsolvent. This is because cis,trans muconic acid or an ester thereofexhibit a higher solubility in organic solvents than the cis,cis andtrans,trans isomerscis,cis.

Muconic acid and the esters of muconic acid can be represented by thefollowing formulas

wherein R¹ is independently in each occurrence hydrogen, a hydrocarbylgroup optionally containing a heteroatom containing functional groupwherein the hydrocarbyl group does not interfere in the formation of acyclohexene compound.

Muconic acid is esterified by contact with an esterifying agent underconditions that a hydrocarbyl group replaces the hydrogen on the oxygenof the carboxylic acid. The esterifying agent can be any compound whichunder the reaction conditions forms an ester on the carboxyoxy groups(C(O)₂) of the muconic acid. The esterification agent can be anyhydroxyl containing compound which reacts to form an ester underreaction conditions. Preferred esterification agents include hydrocarboncompounds having hydroxyl groups bonded thereto. More preferredesterifying agents include compounds corresponding to the formula R¹OHwherein R¹ is a hydrocarbyl group, optionally containing a heteroatomcontaining functional group, wherein the hydrocarbyl group does notinterfere in the formation of the cyclohexene compound. Preferredclasses of esterifying agents include alkanols, aryl alcohols and arylsubstituted alkanols. Preferred esterifying agents include alkanols,with C₁₋₁₀alkanols being more preferred and methanol being mostpreferred. Among preferred aryl substituted alkanols is benzyl alcohol.Among preferred aryl alcohols are phenol and the various isomers ofdihydroxy benzene. In another embodiment, the esterifying agent can be apolyglycol having one or more hydroxyl groups and one or more ethergroups.

Muconic acid in one or more of its isomeric forms is contacted with oneor more esterifying agents in the presence of one or more acids. Theacids utilized can be any acids which facilitate the replacement of thehydroxyl group on the carboxylic acids with hydrocarbyloxy groups.Preferred acids are Bronsted acids. Bronsted acids are acids containinga protonic hydrogen that disassociates in solution. The acids arepreferably strong acids. Strong acids as used herein mean acids with apKa of lower than about 0. In a more preferred embodiment, the acids arestrong mineral acids. Preferred strong mineral acids include sulfuricacid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid and hydrochloric acid, with sulfuricacid being most preferred. The acids are present in a sufficient amountto facilitate the esterification reaction. Where the esterificationagent is in the liquid state no solvent is required. If theesterification agent is a solid or cannot function as a solvent, asolvent may be utilized. Preferred solvents are polar aprotic solventsas described hereinbefore which solubilize the muconic acid. Morepreferred solvents are cyclic and acyclic ethers, with cyclic ethers,such as tetrahydrofuran, more preferred. The esterification agent ispreferably present in a sufficient amount to convert substantially allof the muconic acid to the carboxylate ester form. In a more preferredembodiment, the esterification agent is present in greater than anequivalent ratio based on the equivalents of muconic acid. Preferably,the esterification agent is present in a two to one molar ratio orgreater as compared to the muconic acid. Where the esterification agentis also the solvent, the equivalent and molar ratios are much greater.The reaction can take place at any temperature wherein theesterification reaction proceeds at a reasonable rate. Preferably, thetemperature is elevated. Elevated temperatures increase the amount ofmuconic acid which can be dissolved and contacted with theesterification agent. Preferably the temperature of the reaction isabout 23° C. or greater, more preferably about 50° C. or greater andmost preferably about 120° C. or greater. Preferably the temperature ofthe reaction is about 200° C. or less and most preferably about 150° C.or less. The reaction time utilized is chosen to give the desired yieldof product. The product recovered may be a monohydrocarbyl muconate, adihydrocarbyl muconate or a mixture thereof, in a more preferredembodiment the product is substantially dihydrocarbyl muconate. Morepreferred dihydrocarbyl muconates include dialkyl muconates, morepreferably a C₁₋₁₀ dialkyl muconates and most preferably dimethylmuconate. The hydrocarbyl groups can be substituted with substituentswhich do not interfere with the reaction of the dihydrocarbyl muconatewith one of more dienophiles. The trans,trans muconate estersprecipitate from the solution upon cooling. Preferably the reactionmixture is cooled to less than about 40° C. to facilitate precipitation,and preferably to ambient (23° C.) or less. The dihydrocarbyl muconatemay be recovered by simple removal of the solvent or excessesterification agent, such as by decantation. Preferably, the yield ofdihydrocarbyl muconate is about 70 percent by weight or greater based onthe weight of the starting muconic acid. Preferably, dihydrocarbylmuconate recovered exhibits a purity of about 99 percent by weight orgreater and most preferably about 99.5 percent by weight or greater.Preferably, the dihydrocarbyl muconate exhibits a detectable amount ofcarbon 14 number and preferably of up to about one part per trillion. Ina preferred embodiment, the recovered dihydrocarbyl muconate has about 6carbon atoms or greater derived from renewable resources, such asbiomass.

In another embodiment, muconic acid may be contacted with an esterifyingagent in an aqueous base solution to form a dihydrocarbyl muconate.Preferably this reaction is performed at a temperature of from ambientto (about 23° C.) to about 40° C. The base can be any base which bindsthe protons of the carboxyl groups of muconic acid. Preferably, theesterifying agents are present in an equivalent ratio of about 2:1 orgreater. The upper limit on the equivalents is practicality. Thedihydrocarbyl muconate is recovered by extraction into organic solventand subsequent evaporation of the extracting organic solvent.

The one or more muconic acids can be converted to other forms ofcarboxylate derivative groups using reaction sequences known to thoseskilled in the art. As used herein the term carboxylase derivativerefers to any group which contains a carbonyl group (C═O) or a nitrilegroup

wherein the carbonyl group is bonded to an anion so at to form a salt orto a heteroatom, such as oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur or one or morehalogens. The heteroatom may be further bonded by a covalent bond to oneor more other groups, such as hydrocarbyl groups which may optionallycontain one or more heteroatoms, or may be electronically(electrostatically) bonded to a cation to form a salt. Preferably, thecarboxylate derivative is an acyl halide, carboxylic acid, amide, ester,thiol ester, mercaptocarbonyl, an anhydride, a nitrile, a salt with ananion or a salt with a cation. Preferred cations include alkali metalions and unsubstituted and hydrocarbyl substituted ammonium ions.Preferred carboxylate derivatives comprise carboxylic acids, acylhalides, amides, anhydrides and esters. More preferred carboxylatederivatives include carboxylic acids and esters, with esters, mostpreferred. Preferred carboxylate derivative groups correspond to theformula

wherein R¹ is independently in each occurrence hydrogen, a hydrocarbylgroup optionally containing one or more heteroatoms or a cation;Z is independently in each occurrence an anion, oxygen, nitrogen,sulfur, a nitrile, or a halogen; and,b is independently in each occurrence 0, 1 or 2 with the proviso that bis 0 when Z is an anion, halogen or nitrile; 1 when Z is oxygen orsulfur and 2 when Z in nitrogen. R¹ is preferably hydrogen or a C₁₋₁₂hydrocarbyl group which may contain one or more heteroatoms, morepreferably hydrogen or a C₁₋₁₀ alkyl group which may contain one or moreheteroatoms, more preferably hydrogen or a C₁₋₃ alkyl group and mostpreferably hydrogen or methyl.Acyl halides preferably correspond to the formula

wherein X is a halogen. X is preferably chlorine or bromine, withchlorine most preferred.Amides preferably correspond to the formula

wherein c is separately in each occurrence 0, 1 or 2, with 0 or 1 beingpreferred.Esters preferably correspond to the formula

Mercaptocarbonyls preferably correspond to the formula

Thiol esters preferably correspond to the formula

Anhydrides preferably correspond to the formula

Nitriles preferably correspond to the formula:

Carboxylate derivatives of muconic acid can be represented by thefollowing formulas

wherein R¹ is as defined hereinbeforeIn alternative embodiments, thedihydrocarbyl muconates, especially the trans,trans isomeric versions,can be prepared from muconic acid by any known synthetic sequence. Forexample the dihydrocarbyl muconates may be prepared by the processesdisclosed in the following sections of Jerry March, Advanced OrganicChemistry, 2^(nd) Edition, Wiley, 1977, at pages 361-367, incorporatedherein by reference: section 0-22 alcoholysis of acyl halides, section0-23 alcoholysis of anhydrides, and section 0-24 esterification ofacids. Amide based carboxylate derivatives may be prepared by processesknown to those skilled in the art including those disclosed in March,ibid, in sections 0-52 amination of alkanes, 0-53 formation of nitriles,0-54 acylation of amines by acyl halides, and 0-55 acylation of aminesby anhydrides at pages 381 to 384, incorporated herein by reference.Acyl halides may be prepared by processes known to those skilled in theart including those disclosed in March, ibid, section 0-75 formation ofacyl halides from acids at page 398 incorporated herein by reference.Thiolesters of muconic acid may be prepared by processes known to thoseskilled in the art, including those disclosed in March, ibid, whereinmuconic acid is converted to acyl halides as described above and thenconverted to a thiol or a thiol ester by the process disclosed insection 0-40 on pages 375 and 376, incorporated herein by reference.Muconic acids may be converted to dianhydride analogs by processes knownto those skilled in the art such as disclosed in March, ibid, section0-29 acylation of acids with acyl halides and section 0-30 acylation ofacids with acids, at pages 369 and 370 incorporated herein by reference.Muconic acids may be converted to nitrites by processes known to thoseskilled in the art such as disclosed in March, second edition, section6-63 at pages 883 and 884 conversion of acid salts to nitriles.

One or more muconic acid or carboxylate derivatives thereof are reactedwith one or more dienophiles to prepare a cyclohexene compound havingcarboxylate groups

in the 1 and 4 positions, and optionally in the 2 position. One or moremuconic acids means that a mixture of isomers may be used. In onepreferred embodiment the starting muconic acid or carboxylate thereof isin the trans-trans isomeric form. Preferably such carboxylates are inthe trans,trans isomeric arrangement. In one embodiment, the cis,cisand/or cis,trans isomers of muconic acid or carboxylate derivativesthereof may be utilized as starting materials. In this embodiment, it isbelieved that the muconic acid or carboxylate derivatives thereofisomerize in situ before reacting with the dienophile. Carboxylateesters are preferred as starting materials in this reaction. Thedienophile can be any compound having unsaturation which reacts withmuconic acid or a carboxylate derivative thereof to form a cyclohexenecompound. Preferred dienophiles correspond to the following formula

whereinR² is independently in each occurrence hydrogen, halogen, a hydrocarbylgroup optionally containing one or more heteroatoms or heteroatomcontaining functional groups wherein the hydrocarbyl group does notinterfere in the formation of the cyclohexene compound; andR³ is independently in each occurrence hydrogen, halogen or ahydrocarbyl group optionally containing one or more heteroatoms orheteroatom containing functional groups wherein the hydrocarbyl groupdoes not interfere in the formation of the cyclohexene compound; withthe proviso that R² and R³ may be combined to form a cyclic ring whichmay contain heteroatoms. Preferred classes of dienophiles includealkenes, unsaturated cyclic compounds, alkynes, aromatic compoundshaving unsaturated substituents, and the like. Preferred alkenes usefulas dienophiles include any straight or branched aliphatic compoundcontaining at least one double bond wherein such compounds may containheteroatoms or heteroatom containing functional groups which do notinterfere in the formation of the compounds having 6 membered cyclicrings. Such heteroatoms include oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous, sulfurand halogens. Preferred halogens include chlorine and bromine, withchlorine preferred. Preferred alkenes include unsaturated acids,carbonates containing unsaturation, unsaturated esters, unsaturatednitriles, vinyl chloride, vinyl acetate, unsaturated aliphatichydrocarbons having one or more double bonds (including ethylene,propylene, all isomers of butene, pentene, hexane, heptene, octene), andthe like. Alkenes useful herein can have unsaturation at any point ofthe carbon chain. Preferred alkenes are those having unsaturation at theterminal end of a chain, which is between the 1 and 2 carbon atoms.Among preferred unsaturated carbonates is vinylidene carbonate. Amongunsaturated acids are any carboxylic acids having unsaturation in thebackbone of the carbon chain including methacrylic and acrylic acids.Ethylene and propylene are more preferred unsaturated aliphatichydrocarbons, and ethylene is most preferred. Preferred unsaturatedcylic compounds include cyclopropene, cyclobutene, cyclopentene,cyclohexene which may optionally contain a heteroatom or be substitutedwith a heteroatom containing substituent as described hereinbefore. Anyunsaturated ester which reacts with muconic acid, or a carboxylatederivative thereof, may be used as a dienophile in this process.Preferred unsaturated acids or esters correspond to the formula

wherein R³ is as described hereinbefore, andR⁴ is independently in each occurrence hydrogen, a hydrocarbyl groupoptionally containing a heteroatom containing functional group.Preferred unsaturated esters include hydrocarbyl acrylates, hydrocarbylalkylacrylates and the like. Preferably, the double bond is located on aterminal carbon. More preferred unsaturated esters include hydrocarbylacrylates and hydrocarbyl alkylacrylates, such as methyl methacrylate,with the hydrocarbyl acrylates being more preferred. The unsaturatedesters may contain heteroatoms or heteroatom containing functionalgroups which do not interfere in the formation of the compounds having 6membered cyclic rings as described hereinbefore. Preferred hydrocarbylacrylates include C₁₋₁₀ alkyl acrylates with methyl acrylate, butylacrylate and 2-ethylhexyl acrylate being more preferred. The aromaticcompounds having unsaturated substituents useful as dienophiles includeany aromatic compound having an unsaturated substituent which reactswith muconic acid or a carboxylate derivative thereof under the reactionconditions defined herein. Among preferred aromatic compounds containingunsaturated substituents are styrene, alpha-methylstyrene,o-methylstyrene, m-methylstyrene, p-methylstyrene, ar-ethylstyrene,ar-vinylsryrene, ar-chlomstyrene or ar-bromostyrene, and the like.Preferably, the unsaturated aromatic compound corresponds to the formula

whereinR⁵ is independently in each occurrence a hydrocarbyl group optionallycontaining a heteroatom containing functional group or a halogen; andR⁶ is an alkenyl group optionally containing a heteroatom containingfunctional group. Another preferred class of cyclic unsaturatedcompounds is cyclic unsaturated anhydrides. Among preferred cyclicanhydrides is maleic anhydride, and the like, with maleic anhydridepreferred. The alkyne containing compounds useful as dienophiles includeany compound containing a triple bond

which reacts with muconic acid or a carboxylate derivative thereof underthe reaction conditions. The triple bond can be located at any positionin the carbon chain of the alkyne, and is preferably between twoterminal carbon atoms. Preferably alkyne containing compounds includeall isomers of C_(2-u) alkynes, acetylenecarboxylic acid and carboxylatederivatives thereof and acetylene dicarboxylic acid and carboxylatederivatives thereof. More preferable alkynes include acetylene,acetylenic esters, propyne, butyne and the like, with acetylenic estersbeing most preferred. Preferred alkynes correspond to the formula

wherein R² and R³ are as described herein before.Preferred acetylenic esters correspond to one of the formulas

and more preferably

wherein R¹, R², R³, Z and b are as described hereinbefore. Preferredacetylenic esters comprise one or more carboxylate esters bondeddirectly to carbons of the triple bond.

Preferably the reactants are contacted at a temperature at which theyare in liquid form so as to mix intimately or are in a solvent whichdissolves the starting materials. Preferably, the reaction is performedneat, that is, in the absence of solvent. The one or more muconic acids,or carboxylate derivatives thereof, and one or more dienophiles arecontacted at elevated temperatures. Any temperature at which the one ormore muconic acids, or carboxylate derivatives thereof, and dienophilesare in the same phase and react at a reasonable rate may be used.Preferably, the temperature is about 100° C. or greater, more preferablyabout 130° C. or greater and more preferably about 140° C. or greater.Preferably, the temperature is about 180° C. or less, more preferablyabout 170° C. or less, even more preferably about 160° C. or less andmost preferably about 150° C. or less. The reaction can take place neat,that is, in the absence of a solvent, or in the presence of a solvent.In those embodiments wherein a solvent is used, any solvent whichfacilitates the reaction and which does not interfere in the reactionmay be used. Preferred solvents are aprotic solvents. Preferred solventsare nonpolar. More preferred solvents are hydrocarbons, acyclic ethers,alkyl polyethers, and cyclic ethers which can be used at thetemperatures of the reaction, that are liquid at the reactiontemperatures, that is, have a boiling point above the reactiontemperature. Among preferred solvents are xylene, decaline, toluene,cyclic ethers, glycol ethers and polyglycol ethers and the like. In theembodiment where trans,trans muconic acid is used as a starting materialit is preferable to perform the reaction in water or in a solvent whichdoes not transesterify the acid groups of the muconic acid to avoid sidereactions and in which the muconic acid is soluble. The reaction isallowed to proceed until the desired yield of product is obtained.Preferably, the reaction time is about 24 hours or greater. Preferably,the reaction time is about 48 hours or less. Optionally, the reactantsare reacted in the presence of a Lewis acid. The Lewis acid may bepresent in a catalytic amount, preferably about 0.01 percent by weightor greater of the reaction mixture and more preferably about 0.1 percentby weight or greater of the reaction mixture; and preferably about 10.0percent by weight or less of the reaction mixture and more preferablyabout 1.0 percent by weight or less of the reaction mixture. The Lewisacid may be homogeneous or heterogeneous and is preferablyheterogeneous. In a preferred embodiment, the reaction is carried out inthe presence of the one or more compounds which inhibit thepolymerization of unsaturated compounds. Any compound which prevents thepolymerization of unsaturated compounds may be used in the reaction.Among preferred classes of compounds which prevent the polymerization ofunsaturated compounds are hydroquinones, benzoquinones, phenothiazinesand anisoles, mixtures thereof and the like. Among preferred compoundswhich prevent the polymerization of unsaturated compounds arebenzoquinone, hydroquinone, t-butyl benzoquinone, methyl ether ofhydroquinone, catechol, alkylated catechols, butylated hydroxyanisolesand the like, with hydroquinone being more preferred. The compoundswhich inhibit the polymerization of unsaturated compounds are present inthe reaction mixture in a sufficient amount to prevent polymerization.Preferably, compounds which inhibit the polymerization of unsaturatedcompounds are present in an amount of about 0.05 percent by weight orgreater based on the weight of the muconic acid, or carboxylatederivative thereof, most preferably about 0.01 percent by weight orgreater. Preferably, compounds which inhibit the polymerization ofunsaturated compounds are present in an amount of about 10.0 percent byweight or less based on the weight of the one or more muconic acids orcarboxylate derivative thereof, more preferably about 2.0 percent byweight or less and most preferably about 1.0 percent by weight or less.The ratio of the one or more muconic acids or carboxylate derivativesthereof to one or more dienophiles is selected to maximize the yield ofthe desired products. Preferably, the mole ratio of dienophiles tomuconic acid and carboxylate derivatives thereof is about 1.7:1.0 orgreater, more preferably about 2.01.0 or greater and most preferablyabout 3.0:1.0 or greater. The upper limit of the mole ratio ofdienophiles to muconic acid and carboxylate derivatives thereof is basedon practicality and is preferably about 10.0:1.0 or less. In thoseembodiments wherein a solvent is utilized, the concentration of the oneor more muconic acids, or carboxylate derivatives thereof, in thesolvent is preferably about 0.2 Molar (M) or greater, and mostpreferably about 0.5 M or greater. In those embodiments wherein asolvent is utilized, the concentration of one or more muconic acids orcarboxylate derivatives thereof in the solvent is dictated by solubilityof the muconic acid in the solvent and is preferably about 4.0 Molar (M)or less and most preferably about 3.0 M or less. The concentration ofdienophile in the solvent is chosen in accordance with the concentrationof the one or more muconic acids or carboxylate derivatives thereof inthe solvent and the desired mole ratios of dienophiles to muconic acidsor carboxylate derivatives thereof as described hereinbefore. Theconcentration of dienophile in the solvent is preferably about 0.5 M orgreater and most preferably about 1.0 M or greater. The upper limit ofthe concentration of dienophile in the solvent is practicality.Preferably the dienophile is also used as the solvent. Where thedienophile is not the solvent a practical upper limit is about 2.4 M orless.

The cyclohexene compound may be recovered by any means which allowsisolation of the cyclohexene compound in a manner wherein thecyclohexene compound is recovered in the desired purity and yields,where the reaction is performed neat, the cyclohexene compound may berecovered by distillation or contacting the mixture with a low polarsolvent, such as an ether, in a manner such that the cyclohexenecompound dissolves, filtering off the unreacted materials which do notdissolve and concentrating the solvent by evaporation to give relativelypure cyclohexene compound. Where a solvent is used, recovery isperformed by distillation of the reaction mixture or by chromatographicseparation. Preferably, the yield of cyclohexene compound is about 70percent by weight or greater based on the weight of the starting muconicacid. Preferably, cyclohexene compound recovered exhibits a purity ofabout 90 percent by weight or greater and most preferably about 99percent by weight or greater. Preferably the cyclohexene compoundexhibits a detectable amount of carbon 14 and preferably up to about 1part per trillion. In a preferred embodiment the recovered cyclohexenecompound has about six or greater, preferably about eight or greater, ofits carbon atoms derived from renewable resources such as biomass.

In the embodiment wherein the muconic acid or carboxylate derivativesthereof are in the cis,cis or cis,trans isomeric form, the reaction withdienophiles is preferably performed in solvent. Preferably, in thisembodiment carboxylate esters of muconic acid are reacted with thedienophiles. In this embodiment the process can be performed in thepresence of an isomerization catalyst and/or the presence of Lewis acidcatalyst as described herein.

In the embodiment wherein the starting dienophile is an alkene which isin the gaseous form at ambient pressure and temperature, the one or moremuconic acids or carboxylate derivatives thereof are preferablydissolved in a solvent, as described hereinbefore, and the solution iscontacted with the alkene gas. Where the alkenes are liquid, the one ormore muconic acids or carboxylates thereof are preferably dissolved in asolvent or alkene in as high a concentration as possible, theconcentration is limited by the solubility of the one or more muconicacids or carboxylate derivatives thereof. Preferably, the one or moremuconic acids or carboxylate derivatives thereof are dissolved in thesolvent or alkene at a molarity of about 0.01 M or greater and morepreferably about 0.12 M or greater. Preferably, the one or more muconicacids or carboxylate derivatives thereof are dissolved in the solvent oralkene at a molarity of about 4.0 M or less and more preferably about3.0 M or less. The process is performed at ambient or elevatedpressures. Elevated pressures are preferred as this allows the use of asignificant excess of alkene. When elevated pressures are utilized, itis preferred to utilize a closed system and elevate the pressure byadding the alkene up to the chosen reaction pressure. Preferably, afterthe reaction system, containing one or more muconic acids and/orcarboxylate derivatives thereof in the solvent of choice, optionally inthe presence of a catalyst, is closed, it is evacuated at normalpressure to remove air and refilled with the gaseous alkene. Thisevacuation/refilling cycle is preferably repeated several times. Thereaction system is then filled up to the chosen gaseous alkene pressureand stirred for up to 30 minutes so as to saturate the solvent with thegaseous alkene. Then is the reaction system closed and heated to thedesired reaction temperature. Air or an inert gas may also be present inthe system but this is not desirable because this lowers the reactionrate. The pressure chosen is limited by the equipment used in thereaction and the equipment used to deliver the alkene and any other gaspresent. Preferably, the pressure is about 14.7 psi (0.101 MPa) orgreater, more preferably 100 psi (0.689 MPa) or greater and mostpreferably about 250 psi (1.72 MPa) or greater. Preferably, the pressureis about 50,000 psi (345 MPa) or less, more preferably 15,000 psi (103MPa) or less, even more preferably about 10,000 psi (68.9 MPa) and mostpreferably about 270 psi (1.86 MPa) or less. Where the alkene is a gas,the alkene is preferably introduced in a significant excess and thedesired pressure to be used dictates the amount of the excess utilized.If the alkene is liquid it is preferred to use the alkene as the solventprovided the muconic acid or carboxylate derivatives thereof are solublein the alkene at reaction temperatures. Preferably the resulting productis soluble in the liquid alkene where used as the solvent. The reactionrate is significantly impacted by the reaction temperature and thepressure of the alkene present where it is a gas. Thus the reactiontemperature is chosen such that the reaction rate is reasonable.Preferably, the reaction temperature is about 100° C. or greater, morepreferably about 120° C. or greater and most preferably about 150° C. orgreater. Preferably, the reaction temperature is less than about 170° C.as the products decompose near this temperature and more preferably thetemperature is about 160° C. or less. The reaction time is selected toallow preparation of the cyclohexene compounds in the desired yield.Preferably, the reaction time is about 1 hour or greater and mostpreferably about 6 hours or greater. Preferably, the reaction time isabout 24 hours or less, more preferably about 12 hours or less and mostpreferably about 9 hours or less. The cyclohexene compound may berecovered by removing the solvent by evaporation. Where the reaction isperformed neat the resulting product is recovered by distillationPreferably, the yield of cyclohexene compound is about 90 percent byweight or greater based on the weight of the starting muconic acid orcarboxylate derivatives thereof and more preferably about 95 percent byweight or greater. Preferably, cyclohexene compound recovered exhibits apurity of about 95 percent by weight or greater and most preferablyabout 99 percent by weight or greater. Preferably, the cyclohexenecompound exhibits a detectable amount of carbon 14 number and preferablyup to about one part per trillion. In a preferred embodiment, therecovered cyclohexene compound has about six or greater, preferablyabout eight or greater, of its carbon atoms derived from renewableresources such as biomass. In one preferred embodiment, the alkene isderived from renewable resources, such as ethylene derived from ethanol.Processes for the preparation of alkenes from renewable resources arewell known in the art. In such embodiments, the number of renewablecarbon atoms in the final product is about 8 or greater.

In the embodiment wherein the alkene dienophiles are reacted withmuconic acid in water as a solvent, the product undergoes partialtautomerization. The resulting product mix includes products with thedouble bond between the 1 and 2 carbons of the cyclohexene ring andproducts with a double bond between the 2 and 3 carbons of thecyclohexene ring. In the embodiment wherein muconic acid is the startingmaterial and the solvent is an esterifying agent, such as an alkanol,the resulting cyclohexene product undergoes esterification.

In the embodiment wherein the one or more dienophiles includes one ormore alkynes which are in the gaseous form, such as acetylene, the oneor more dienophiles are dispersed or dissolved in one or more solvents,such as those used for the reaction of dienophiles with alkenes. Thereaction can be performed at atmospheric pressure or at elevatedpressures by providing the alkyne in sufficient amount to pressurize thereaction mixture. Alternatively the alkyne can be introduced inadmixture with an inert gas. Any gas which is inert and which can carrythe dienophiles can be used. Among preferred gases are air, nitrogen,argon, and the like. Where the alkyne is liquid, the alkyne may be usedas the solvent or the one or more alkynes and dienophiles may becontacted in one or more solvents. Preferred solvents are non polarsolvents which are liquid under reaction conditions. Preferred solventsare cyclic and acyclic ethers and hydrocarbon solvents, such as xyleneor decalin. Preferably, the reaction is performed with an excess of thealkyne as the reaction medium. Preferably, the reaction is performed ina closed reactor under pressure. The pressure is chosen to provide anexcess of the alkyne and to keep liquid alkynes in the liquid stateunder the reaction conditions, such as at elevated temperatures.Preferably, the alkyne is present in a molar excess. More preferably,the alkyne is present in a molar excess or about 3.0:1.0 or greater andmore preferably about 5.0:1.0 or greater. The upper limit on the excessof the alkyne is practicality and the ratio is preferably about 6.0:1.0or less. The temperature of the reaction is chosen such that thereaction rate is reasonable and to be below the decompositiontemperature of the reactants and the products. Preferably, thetemperature is about 130° C. or greater, more preferably about 140° C.or greater and most preferably about 150° C. or greater. Preferably thetemperature is about 160° C. or less. The reaction time is preferablyabout one hour or greater, more preferably about 2 hours or greater andmost preferably about 4 hours or greater. The reaction time ispreferably about 24 hours or less and most preferably about 16 hours orless. The resulting product has a six membered aromatic ring in thedesired products. Aromatic compounds with five membered rings are alsoprepared as by-products. The products are separated by columnchromatography. Preferably, the yield of desired products is about 80percent by weight or greater based on the weight of the starting muconicacid or carboxylate derivatives thereof and more preferably about 90percent by weight or greater. Preferably, desired compounds recoveredexhibit purity of about 90 percent by weight or greater and mostpreferably 99 percent by weight or greater. Preferably the desiredproduct exhibits a detectable amount of carbon 14 and preferably up toabout one part per trillion. In a preferred embodiment, the recoveredcompound has about six or greater, preferably about 8 or greater, of itscarbon atoms derived from renewable resources such as biomass.

In a preferred embodiment, the cyclohexene compounds prepared correspondto one of the formulas

wherein R¹, R², R³, Z and b are as described herein before.

In a more preferred embodiment, the cyclohexene compounds preparedcorrespond to one of the formula

wherein R¹, R² and R³ are as described herein before. In the embodimentwherein the dienophile is an unsaturated ester the cyclohexene compoundpreferably corresponds to one of the formulas

wherein R¹, R³ and R⁴ are as described hereinbefore. In the embodiment,the wherein the starting dienophiles comprise maleic anhydride or ananalog thereof the cyclohexene formed preferably corresponds to one ofthe formulas

wherein R¹ is as described hereinbefore. In the embodiment, wherein thestarting dienophile is an aromatic compound having an unsaturatedsubstituent the cyclohexene formed preferably corresponds to one of theformulas

wherein R¹, R³ and R⁵ are as described hereinbefore. In the embodimentwhere the starting dienophile is an acetylenic ester the product is atrimellitate or a derivative thereof which corresponds to the formula

wherein R¹, R², R³, Z and b are as described hereinbefore.

Preferably R¹ is independently in each occurrence hydrogen, or an alkyl,haloalkyl, aryl, haloaryl, alkylaryl, alkyloxy, or carboxyl groupcontaining not more than 10 carbon atoms. Even more preferably, R¹ isindependently in each occurrence a C₁₋₁₀ alkyl group; and mostpreferably R¹ is methyl. Preferably, R² and R³ are independently in eachoccurrence hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, alkaryl, aryl, carboxyoxy alkyl ormay be combined to form a cyclic ring which may contain one or morehetero atoms. More preferably, R² and/or R³ are independently in eachoccurrence hydrogen, halogen, or an alkyl, haloalkyl, aryl, haloaryl,alkylaryl, alkyloxy, or carboxyl group containing not more than 10carbon atoms. Even more preferably, R² and R³ are independently in eachoccurrence hydrogen, chloro, bromo, C₁₋₈ alkyl, phenyl, or carboxyoxyC₁₋₈ alkyl or may be combined to form a cylic anhydride. R² is even morepreferably hydrogen, chloro, methyl, ethyl or phenyl. Preferably, R⁴ isindependently in each occurrence a C₁₋₁₀ alkyl group. More preferably,R⁴ is independently in each occurrence a C₁₋₈ alkyl group. Mostpreferably, R⁴ is independently in each occurrence methyl, butyl orethylhexyl. Preferably. R⁵ is independently in each occurrence ahydrocarbyl group optionally containing a heteroatom containingfunctional group. More preferably, R⁵ is independently in eachoccurrence a C₁₋₁₀ alkyl group. Preferably, a is independently in eachoccurrence 0 or 1, and most preferably a is 0. In one embodiment, R² isindependently in each occurrence halogen, an alkyl, haloalkyl, aryl,haloaryl, alkylaryl, alkyloxy, or carboxyl group containing not morethan 10 carbon atoms and R³ is hydrogen; even more preferably, R² isindependently in each occurrence hydrogen, chloro, bromo, C₁₋₈ alkyl,phenyl, or carboxyoxy C₁₋₈ alkyl and R³ is hydrogen; and R² is even morepreferably hydrogen, chloro, methyl, ethyl or phenyl while R³ ishydrogen.

To prepare compounds having at least one benzene ring having carboxylategroups at the 1 and 4, and optionally, at the 2 position, such assubstituted or unsubstituted terephthalic acid or carboxylatederivatives thereof (including trimellitic acid or carboxylatederivatives thereof), from the cyclohexene compounds prepared by thereaction of muconic acid and/or carboxylate derivatives thereof withdienophiles as described herein, the cyclohexene compounds are subjectedto dehydrogenation, which can also be called oxidation or aromatization.In the dehydrogenation step, the cyclohexene compounds are contactedwith one or more dehydrogenation catalysts. In one embodiment, thecyclohexene compound is contacted with an oxidant and one or moredehydrogenation catalysts, at elevated temperatures. In one preferredembodiment the cyclohexene compound is contacted with thedehydrogenation catalyst in the absence of an oxidant. Preferably, aninert gas is passed through the reactor to carry away hydrogen gasgenerated in the dehydrogenation process. Oxidants as used herein referto any element of compound which facilitates the oxidation of a cyclicring to remove hydrogen atoms and to form unsaturated bond in a ring.Preferably the oxidation of the cyclic ring results in the formation ofan aromatic ring. Among preferred oxidation agents are oxygen,monoclinic sulfur, nitric acid, peroxides, hyprochlorites andpersulfates, chloranial and dicyanodichlorobenzoquinone. Oxygen in theform of air is a preferred oxidant. The oxidation agent is present instoichiometric or greater amounts, preferably greater thanstoichiometric amounts. The excess is chosen so as to drive the rate ofthe reaction. In one preferred embodiment the reaction is performed inthe presence of an oxidant that reacts with the hydrogen generated inthe process. Oxidants that react with hydrogen include oxygen. Thereactants can be contacted neat or in a solvent. Preferable solvents areaprotic solvents with hydrocarbons, ethers (such as tetrahydrofuran) andpyrolidones (such as N-methylpyrolidone). Preferably, the solvents areliquid under reaction conditions. The cyclohexene ring containingcompound concentration in solvent is at a concentration below theconcentration at which disproportionation occurs. Preferably, thecyclohexene ring containing compound concentration in solvent is about3.0 M or less and most preferably about 2.0 M or less. Preferably, thecyclohexene ring containing compound concentration in solvent is about0.05 M or greater and most preferably about 0.10 M or greater. In oneembodiment the reaction is performed at atmospheric pressure (14.7 psi,0.101 MPa). At atmospheric pressure, the reaction can be performed atreflux of the solvent, provided the solvent boils at acceptabletemperatures. Alternatively, the reaction can be performed at elevatedpressures. Preferably, the oxidation agents are present in a molarexcess of greater than about 2.0:1.0. Preferably, the oxidation agentsare present in a molar excess of about 8.0:1.0 or less. Suitabletemperatures are those at which hydrogen is abstracted from thecyclohexene compound to form double bonds in the ring of the cyclohexenecontaining compound. Preferably, the temperature is about 120° C. orgreater and more preferably about 130° C. or greater. Preferably, thetemperature is about 400° C. or less, more preferably about 350° C. orless and most preferably about 325° C. or less. If the reaction isperformed at elevated pressures, the pressure is preferably about 14.7psi (0.101 MPa) or greater and more preferably about 100 psi (0.689 MPa)or greater. If the reaction is performed at elevated pressures, thepressure is preferably about 1,000 psi (6.89 MPa) or less, morepreferably about 600 psi (4.14 MPa) or less and most preferably about500 psi (3.45 MPa) or less. The reaction time is chosen to facilitatepreparing the desired compounds in the desired yield. Preferably, thereaction time is about 12 hours or greater, even more preferably about18 hours or greater and most preferably about 24 hours or greater.Preferably the reaction time is about 48 hours or less, even morepreferably about 36 hours or less and most preferably about 24 hours orless. The catalyst can be any dehydrogenation catalyst which under thereaction conditions abstracts hydrogen from the cyclohexene ring to forman aromatic ring. Preferred dehydrogenation catalysts are based onmetals, more preferably Group VIII metals. The metals can be present inpure form, as alloys, in the form of metal oxides or mixtures thereof.The catalysts can also contain modifiers to impact or enhance thecatalytic effect or selectivity of the catalyst. Such modifiers are wellknown in the art. Preferred reaction modifiers are transition metals andcompounds containing transition metals. Preferred metals upon which thecatalysts are based are platinum, palladium and nickel, with palladiummost preferred. The catalyst can be used in a homogeneous manner but ispreferably a heterogeneous catalyst on a support. The catalysts can alsobe in the form of sponge metals which are known to those of skill in theart. The support can be any support useful for heterogeneous catalysts.Among preferred supports are aluminum oxides, spinets, zeolites andcarbon. The most preferred supports are carbon supports. Thedehydrogenation reaction can be performed in a solvent. Preferably, thereaction is performed at reflux in a solvent. Preferably the solvent hasa boiling point at the temperatures of reaction described earlier. Wherethe reaction is performed in a solvent at reflux, oxygen, preferably inthe form of air, may be bubbled through the refluxing solvent. Thecatalyst is present in a sufficient amount such that the reactionproceeds in a reasonably efficient manner to give the desired product inthe desired yield. The catalyst is preferably present in an amount ofabout 0.01 mole percent or greater based on the amount of thecyclohexene containing compound, more preferably about 0.03 mole percentor greater and most preferably about 1 mole percent or greater. Thecatalyst is preferably present in an amount of about 10 mole percent orless based on cyclohexene ring containing compound, more preferablyabout 5 mole percent or less and most preferably about 3 mole percent orless. The product, is recovered by any means known in the art whichallows isolation of the desired product at the desired yields andpurity. Preferred means of recovering the desired products includefiltering the reaction medium to remove the catalyst, concentrating theproduct by evaporation and separating the products recovered bychromatographic separation, distillation, and/or recrystallization froma suitable solvent. Preferably, the yield of products is about 60percent by weight or greater based on the weight of the startingcyclohexene compound and more preferably about 65 percent by weight orgreater. Preferably, the products recovered exhibit a purity of about 90percent by weight or greater and most preferably about 99 percent byweight or greater. Preferably, the products exhibit a detectable amountof carbon 14, preferably up to about one part per trillion. In apreferred embodiment, the recovered products have greater than about 6carbon atoms derived from renewable resources such as biomass and morepreferably greater than about 8 carbon atoms derived from renewableresources such as biomass.

Preferably, the dehydrogenation is performed in a continuous flow mode.In this embodiment the dehydrogenation is performed at a temperature atwhich reasonable rates occur. Preferably, the temperature is about 200°C. or greater and more preferably about 300° C. or greater. Preferably,the temperature is about 400° C. or less and more preferably about 350°C. or less. Preferably the dehydrogenation is performed under the flowof an inert gas, preferably nitrogen. Preferably the catalyst is aheterogeneous catalyst and the reactants are flowed through a bed ofcatalyst. The flow rates, reactions temperatures and concentrations ofthe reactions impact the rate of reaction. The product stream can berecirculated to enhance the product yield.

The reaction of one or more of muconic acid and carboxylate derivativesthereof with one or more dienophiles and the dehydrogenation reactionstep may be performed without recovery of the cyclohexene from thesolvent after the first reaction step. Both reactions can be performedas described hereinbefore. In the embodiment wherein the reaction of oneor more of muconic acid and carboxylate derivatives thereof with one ormore dienophiles is performed in the presence of a Lewis Acid,preferably the Lewis Acid is removed prior to dehydrogenation. Thedehydrogenation catalyst is added to the reaction mixture containing thecyclohexene compound before the dehydrogenation step is initiated. Inthis embodiment the solvent is a glycol ether, polyglycol ether,aromatic hydrocarbon, such as xylene, and the like. More preferredsolvents are dimethyl glycol ether and xylene. The dehydrogenationcatalyst may be added to the reaction at any temperature up to thedesired reaction temperature.

In a preferred embodiment the product recovered corresponds to theformula

wherein R¹, R², Z and b are as described hereinbefore.

In a more preferred embodiment the product recovered corresponds to theformula

wherein R¹ and R² are as described hereinbefore. In the embodimentwherein the starting dienophile is an unsaturated ester the product is atrimellitate preferably corresponding to the formula

wherein R¹, R³ and R⁴ are as described hereinbefore. In the embodimentwherein the starting dienophile is maleic anhydride the resultingproduct preferably corresponds to the formula

wherein R¹, R³ and R⁴ are as described hereinbefore. Wherein thestarting dienophile used to make the cyclohexene was an aromaticcompound with an unsaturated substituent the product preferablycorresponds to the formula

wherein R¹, R³ and R⁵ are as described hereinbefore.

To prepare cyclohexane based compounds from the cyclohexene compoundsprepared by the reaction of muconic acid and/or carboxylate derivativesthereof with dienophiles as described herein the cyclohexene compoundsare subjected to hydrogenation. In the hydrogenation step, thecyclohexene compounds are contacted with hydrogen in the presence of oneor more hydrogenation catalysts. Suitable temperatures are those atwhich hydrogen is inserted to the cyclohexene compound to remove doublebonds in the ring at a reasonable rate. Preferably, the cyclohexenecompound is contacted with hydrogen and one or more hydrogenationcatalysts at ambient temperature. The reaction can be performed atatmospheric and elevated pressures. The upper limit on elevatedpressures is the capability of the reaction equipment to handle thepressures. Preferably the pressure is less than about 200 psi (1.38MPa). Preferably, pressure is applied by adding hydrogen gas to achievethe desired pressures. At atmospheric pressure hydrogen is bubbledthrough the reaction medium and/or the reaction mixture is stirred underatmospheric pressure. The reaction time is chosen to facilitatepreparing the desired compounds in the desired yield. Preferably thereaction time is about 0.5 hours or greater, more preferably about 1.0hour or greater and most preferably about 2.0 hours or greater.Preferably the reaction time is about 24 hours or less, more preferablyabout 16 hours or less, most preferably about 8 hours or less, and mostpreferably about 3 hours or less. The catalyst can be any hydrogenationcatalyst which under the reaction conditions inserts hydrogen to thecyclohexene ring to form a cyclohexane ring. Preferred hydrogenationcatalysts are based on metals, preferably Group VIII metals. The metalscan be present in pure form, as alloys, in the form of metal oxides ormixtures thereof. The catalysts can also contain modifiers to impact orenhance the catalytic effect or selectivity of the catalyst. Suchmodifications are well known in the art. Preferred metals upon which thecatalysts are based are platinum, palladium and nickel, with palladiummost preferred. The catalyst can be used in a homogeneous manner but ispreferably a heterogeneous catalyst on a support. The catalysts may alsobe sponge metal catalysts known to those skilled in the art. The supportcan be any support useful for heterogeneous catalysts. Among preferredsupports are aluminum oxides, spinels, zeolites and carbon. The mostpreferred support is carbon. The hydrogenation reaction can be performedin a solvent. Among preferred solvents are chlorinated hydrocarbons,acyclic ethers, cyclic ethers and alcohols (such as alkanols and acetylalcohol), and the like. Preferably, cyclohexene compounds are present inan amount of about 5 percent by weight or greater based on the solventand most preferably about 8 percent by weight or greater. Preferably,the cyclohexene compounds are present in an amount of about 15 percentby weight or less based on the solvent and most preferably about 12percent by weight or less. The catalyst is present in a sufficientamount such that the reaction proceeds in a reasonably efficient mannerto give the desired product in the desired yield. The catalyst ispreferably present in an amount of about 0.01 mole percent or greaterbased on the amount of the cyclohexene containing compound, morepreferably about 0.03 mole percent or greater and most preferably about1.0 mole percent or greater. The catalyst is preferably present in anamount of about 10.0 mole percent or less based on cyclohexene ringcontaining compound, more preferably about 5.0 mole percent or less andmost preferably about 3.0 mole percent or less. The product is recoveredby any means known in the art which allows isolation of the desiredproduct at the desired yields and purity. Preferred means of recoveringthe desired product (here cyclohexane ring containing compounds) in thedesired yield include filtering the reaction medium to remove thecatalyst, concentrating the product by evaporation and separating theproducts recovered by chromatographic separation, distillation, and/orrecrystallization from a suitable solvent. Preferably, the yield ofcyclohexane ring containing compounds is about 90 percent by weight orgreater based on the weight of the starting cyclohexene compound andmore preferably about 99 percent by weight or greater. Preferably,cyclohexane ring containing compounds recovered exhibit a purity ofabout 90 percent by weight or greater and most preferably about 99percent by weight or greater. Preferably, the cyclohexane ringcontaining compounds exhibit a detectable amount of carbon 14,preferably up to about one part per trillion. In a preferred embodiment,the recovered cyclohexane ring containing compounds have about 6 orgreater carbon atoms derived from renewable resources such as biomassand more preferably about 8 greater carbon atoms derived from renewableresources such as biomass.

In a preferred embodiment the hydrogenated product recovered correspondsto the formula

wherein R¹, R², Z and b are as described hereinbefore.

In a more preferred embodiment the hydrogenated product recoveredcorresponds to the formula

wherein R¹ and R² are as described hereinbefore. In the embodimentwherein the starting dienophile is an unsaturated ester the product is acyclohexane preferably corresponding to the formula

wherein R¹, R³ and R⁴ are as described hereinbefore. In the embodimentwherein the starting dienophile is maleic anhydride, the resultingproduct preferably corresponds to the formula

wherein R¹, R³ and R⁴ are as described hereinbefore. Wherein thestarting dienophile used to make the cyclohexane was an aromaticcompound with an unsaturated substituent, the product preferablycorresponds to the formula

wherein R¹, R³ and R⁵ are as described hereinbefore.

The cyclohexane compounds having carboxylate groups at the 1 and 4, andoptionally the 2, positions may be subjected to conditions to convertthe carboxylate groups to methylol groups. Such conditions are wellknown in the art. In one embodiment the cyclohexane compounds havingcarboxylate groups at the 1 and 4, and optionally the 2, positions maybe subjected to catalytic hydrogenation under conditions such that thecarboxylate groups are converted to methylol groups, as disclosed insection 20.22 of Organic Chemistry, 4^(th) ed. Morrsion and Boyd, Allynand Bacon, New York, 1983, incorporated herein by reference. Generally,higher pressures and temperatures are utilized for hydrogenation ofcarboxylate groups. Alternatively, the carboxylate groups may beconverted to methylol groups by chemical reduction as disclosed inMorrison and Boyd, supra. Generally, the cyclohexane compounds havingcarboxylate groups at the 1 and 4, and optionally the 2, positions arecontacted with sodium metal and alcohol or with lithium aluminumhydride. In yet another embodiment, the conversion is achieved bycontacting the cyclohexane compounds having carboxylate groups at the 1and 4, and optionally the 2, positions with acid at elevatedtemperatures according to Advance Organic Chemistry, 2d, Edition March,McGraw Hill, New York 1977. In another embodiment the process of U.S.Pat. No. 4,302,595, incorporated hereinby reference, may be utilized.The cyclohexane compounds having carboxylate groups at the 1 and 4, andoptionally the 2, positions, preferably correspond to the formula;

wherein R² may comprise a methylol group where the starting compound hadcarboxylate at the 2 position.

The benzene, cyclohexene and cyclohexane compounds having carboxylicacid groups at the 1 and 4, and optionally the 2, positions; can beesterified to add hydrocarbyl groups at the 1 and 4, and optionally the2, positions to form carboxylate groups at these positions. Theesterification reaction can be performed by any esterification processknown to those skilled in the art including the processes discloses atMarch, ibid, pages 363 to 365 and the processes disclosed hereinbefore.In one embodiment an esterifying agent, an alcohol as describedhereinbefore, is contacted with the benzene, cyclohexene and cyclohexanecompounds having carboxylic acid groups at the 1 and 4, and optionallythe 2, positions in the presence of a strong acid with removal of thewater and ester formed or a significant excess alcohol. The acidiccatalysts are described hereinbefore.

The compounds prepared in this invention can be used as monomers toprepare a variety of known polymers. Some of the compounds can be usedas plasticizers for various polymeric systems. The phenyl substitutedterephthalates may be used to prepare liquid crystal polymers asdescribed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,391,966, relevant disclosure incorporatedherein be reference. The benzene, cyclohexene and cyclohexane compoundshaving carboxylic acid groups at the 1 and 4, and optionally the 2,positions, preferably terephthalic acid or dimethyl terephthalates, canbe reacted with alkylene glycols, such ethylene glycol or 1,4-butanediol, to prepare polyesters. Processes for preparing such polyesters arewell known in the art. For instance, terephthalic acid can be reactedwith ethylene glycol to prepare polyethylene terephalate as described in“Contemporary Polymer Chemistry” Second Edition, Harry R. Alcock,Frederick W. Lampe, 1990, Prentice-Hall at pages 27 and 28, incorporatedherein by reference. In one embodiment the invention relates to methodsfor preparing polyalkylene polyester comprising a) contacting cis-cismuconic acid and one or more isomerization catalysts, sources ofultraviolet radiation, or both in a solvent at elevated temperatures fora period of time such that the cis-cis muconic acid isomerizes totrans-trans muconic acid; b) recovering the trans-trans muconic acid; c)optionally, contacting the trans trans muconic acid with one or moreesterifying agents in the presence of one or more strong acids underconditions such that one or more trans-trans dihydrocarbyl muconates areformed; d) contacting one or more trans-trans muconic acid ordihydrocarbyl muconates with one or more dienophiles at elevatedtemperatures under conditions such that the one or more muconic aciddihydrocarbyl muconates and dienophiles form one or more cyclohexenering containing compounds; and e) contacting the cyclohexene ringcontaining compounds with one or more alkylene glycols under conditionssuch that one or more polyalkylene polyesters are prepared. In anotherembodiment the invention relates to methods for preparing polyalkylenepolyesters comprising a) contacting cis-cis muconic acid and one or moreisomerization catalysts, sources of ultraviolet radiation, or both in asolvent at elevated temperatures for a period of time such that thecis-cis muconic acid isomerizes to trans-trans muconic acid; b)recovering the trans-trans muconic acid; c) optionally, contacting thetrans-trans muconic acid with one or more esterifying agents in thepresence of one or more strong acids under conditions such that one ormore trans-trans dihydrocarbyl muconates are formed; d) contacting oneor more trans-trans muconic acids or dihydrocarbyl muconates with one ormore dienophiles at elevated temperatures under conditions such that theone or more muconic acids or dihydrocarbyl muconates and dienophilesform one or more cyclohexene ring containing compounds; and e)contacting the cyclohexene ring containing compounds with ahydrogenation catalyst under conditions such that one or morecyclohexane compounds having carboxylic acid groups at the 1 and 4, andoptionally the 2, positions are prepared; f) contacting one or morecyclohexane compounds having carboxylic acid groups at the 1 and 4, andoptionally the 2, positions with one or more alkylene glycols underconditions such that one or more polyalkylene polyesters are prepared.In one embodiment the invention relates to methods for preparingpolyalkylene terephthalate comprising a) contacting cis-cis muconic acidand one or more isomerization catalysts, sources of ultravioletradiation, or both in a solvent at elevated temperatures for a period oftime such that the cis-cis muconic acid isomerizes to trans-transmuconic acid; b) recovering the trans-trans muconic acid; c) optionally,contacting the trans-trans muconic acid with one or more esterifyingagents in the presence of one or more strong acids under conditions suchthat one or more trans-trans dihydrocarbyl muconates are formed; d)contacting one or more trans-trans muconic acids or dihydrocarbylmuconates with one or more dienophiles at elevated temperatures underconditions such that the one or more muconic acids or dihydrocarbylmuconates and dienophiles form one or more cyclohexene ring containingcompounds; and e) contacting the cyclohexene ring containing compoundswith a dehydrogenation catalyst, optionally in the presence of anoxidant, under conditions such that one or more of terephthalic acid ordihydrocarbyl terephthalates are prepared; f) contacting one or more ofterephthalic acid or dihydrocarbyl terephthalates with one or morealkylene glycols under conditions such that one or more polyalkyleneterephthalates are prepared. In another embodiment the invention is amethod for preparing polyethylene terephthalate comprising a) contactingcis-cis muconic acid and iodine, a source of ultraviolet radiation orboth in a solvent at elevated temperatures for a period of time suchthat the cis-cis muconic acid isomerizes to trans-trans muconic acid; b)recovering the trans-trans muconic acid; c) contacting the trans-transmuconic acid with methanol in the presence of one or more strong acidsunder conditions such that trans,trans dimethyl muconate is formed; d)contacting trans-trans dimethyl muconate with ethylene at elevatedtemperatures under conditions such that dimethylcyclohex-2-ene-1,4-dicarboxylate, and/or its 1-ene-tautomer, isprepared; e) contacting the dimethyl cyclohex-2-ene-1,4-dicarboxylatewith a dehydrogenation catalyst, optionally in the presence of anoxidant under conditions such that dimethyl terephthalate is prepared;f) hydrolyzing dimethyl terephthalate to form terephthalic acid; and g)contacting terephthalic acid with ethylene glycol under conditions suchthat polyethylene terephthalate is prepared. In yet another embodimentthe invention is a method for preparing polyethylene terephthalatecomprising a) contacting cis-cis muconic acid and iodine, a source ofultraviolet radiation or both in a solvent at elevated temperatures fora period of time such that the cis-cis muconic acid isomerizes totrans-trans muconic acid; b) recovering the trans-trans muconic acid; c)contacting trans-trans muconic acid with ethylene at elevatedtemperatures under conditions such that cyclohex-2-ene-1,4-dicarboxylicacid, and/or its 1-ene tautomer, is prepared; d) contacting thecyclohex-2-ene-1.4-dicarboxylic acid with a dehydrogenation catalyst,optionally in the presence of an oxidant, under conditions such thatterephthalic acid is prepared; and e) contacting terephthalic acid withethylene glycol under conditions such that polyethylene terephthalate isprepared. The invention also includes a method for preparingpolybutylene terephthalate comprising a) contacting cis-cis muconic acidand iodine, a source of ultraviolet radiation or both in a solvent atelevated temperatures for a period of time such that the cis-cis muconicacid isomerizes to trans-trans muconic acid; b) recovering thetrans-trans muconic acid; c) contacting the trans-trans muconic acidwith methanol in the presence of one or more strong acids underconditions such that trans,trans dimethyl muconate is formed; d)contacting trans-trans dimethyl muconate with ethylene at elevatedtemperatures under conditions such that dimethylcyclohex-2-ene-1,4-dicarboxylate, and/or its 1-ene tautomer, isprepared; e) contacting the dimethyl cyclohex-2-ene-1,4-dicarboxylatewith a dehydrogenation catalyst, optionally in the presence of anoxidant, under conditions such that dimethyl terephthalate is prepared;f) contacting dimethyl terephthalate with 1,4-butanediol underconditions such that polybutylene terephthalate is prepared. Theresulting polyesters contain at least about 6 carbons per monomer unit,and preferably at least about 8 carbon atoms, derived from renewableresources, that are from muconic acid or muconic acid and ethyleneprecursors. In a preferred embodiment the resulting polyesters contain adetectable amount of carbon 14 and preferably up to about 1 part pertrillion. This invention relates to polyesters wherein a portion, up toand including all, of the benzene, cyclohexene and cyclohexane compoundshaving carboxylic acid groups at the 1 and 4, and optionally the 2,positions used to prepare the polyesters are synthesized from one ormore of muconic acid or carboxylate derivatives thereof derived frombiomass. The muconic acid or carboxylate derivatives thereof may bederived from biomass by microbial synthesis. The benzene, cyclohexeneand cyclohexane compounds having carboxylic acid groups at the 1 and 4,and optionally the 2, positions used to prepare the polyesters may besynthesized from ethylene derived from a renewable resource. Thebenzene, cyclohexene and cyclohexane compounds having carboxylic acidgroups at the 1 and 4, and optionally the 2, positions used to preparethe polyesters may be synthesized from one or more of muconic acid orcarboxylate derivatives thereof derived from biomass and from ethylenederived from a renewable resource. In another embodiment, the dial, suchas ethylene glycol and butanediol, reacted with the benzene, cyclohexeneand cyclohexane compounds having carboxylic acid groups at the 1 and 4,and optionally the 2, positions may be derived from renewable resources,such as biomass or derivatives thereof, as is known in the art. In thisembodiment, the number of carbon atoms in each monomer unit derived fromrenewable resources may be about 10 or greater or about 12 or greater.

The novel compounds of the invention and those prepared by the novelprocesses of the invention are preferably derived from renewableresources. Compounds prepared from renewable resources exhibit acharacteristic ¹³C/¹²C ratio as described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,531,593Column 6 line 60 to column 8 line 42, incorporated herein by reference.

It is understood that the above description is intended to beillustrative and not restrictive. Many embodiments as well as manyapplications besides the examples provided will be apparent to those ofskill in the art upon reading the above description. It is furtherintended that any combination of the features of different aspects orembodiments of the invention may be combined. The explanations andillustrations presented herein are intended to acquaint others skilledin the art with the invention, its principles, and its practicalapplication. Those skilled in the art may adapt and apply the inventionin its numerous forms, as may be best suited to the requirements of aparticular use. Accordingly, the specific embodiments of the presentinvention as set forth are not intended as being exhaustive or limitingof the invention. The scope of the invention should, therefore, bedetermined not with reference to the above description, but shouldinstead be determined with reference to the appended claims, along withthe full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. Othercombinations are also possible as will be gleaned from the followingclaims, which are also hereby incorporated by reference into thiswritten description. The omission in the following claims of any aspectof subject matter that is disclosed herein is not a disclaimer of suchsubject matter, nor should it be regarded that the inventors did notconsider such subject matter to be part of the disclosed inventivesubject matter.

Specific Embodiments

Unless otherwise stated, all parts and percentages are by weight.

Purification of Cis,Cis Muconic Acid Example 1 Purification of CrudeCis,Cis Muconic Acid

In two separate 125 ml Erlenmeyer flask, a suspension in each of crudecis,cis muconic acid (10.0 g each for a total of 20.0 g) in methanol (50ml) is heated to reflux with a heat-gun. The hot suspension is filtered.Additional methanol (30 ml) is added to the residue. It is heated againto reflux and filtered through the same filter paper into the sameround-bottom flask. All solid present on the filter paper is now movedback into the Erlenmeyer flask, additional methanol (30 ml) is added andthe heating to reflux followed by filtering sequence is repeated. Thecombined methanol solution (110 ml) is allowed to cool to roomtemperature, then placed into an ice bath. After warming to roomtemperature overnight, the mother liquid is decanted to reveal amicrocrystalline beige solid, which after drying under high vacuumweights 4.84 g. This exact sequence is now repeated with the second 10 gbatch of cis,cis-muconic acid to obtain 4.23 g. The mother liquids fromboth recrystallizations are then combined and evaporated to dryness. Asingle recrystallization of the remaining residue from methanol (75 ml)yields an additional 2.82 g. In total, 11.89 g (59 percent massrecovery) of pure cis,cis muconic acid.

Example 2 Purification of Crude Muconic Acid

A stirred suspension of dried (less than 5 weight percent of water),crude cis,cis or cis,trans muconic acid (200 g) in tetrahydrofuran (THF)(1.8 liter (I)) is heated to 50° C. Within 45 minutes at 50° C. most ofthe solid dissolves. Activated charcoal (35 g) is added. After 1 hour,the hot suspension is clarified by filtration through a bed of Celite™diatomaceous earth. The filtrate is evaporated to dryness and theresidue is dried under high vacuum to yield pure cis,cis or cis,transmuconic acid (166 g, 83 percent mass recovery). In the case of cis,cismuconic acid, any traces of cis,trans muconic acid can be removed byresuspending the solid twice in refluxing ethyl acetate, which isremoved each time by decantation from the cooled solution. Theapproximate solubilities at room temperature in ethyl acetate are 1mg/ml for cis,cis muconic acid, 5 mg/ml for cis,trans muconic acid, and0.1 mg/ml for trans,trans muconic acid.

Isomerization to Cis,Trans and Trans,Trans Muconic Acid Example 3Synthesis of Cis,Trans Muconic Acid from Crude Cis,Cis Muconic Acid

Crude cis,cis muconic acid (15.0 g) suspended in water (250 ml) isheated to reflux for 10 minutes using a heat gun. At reflux, everythingis in solution. The hot solution is allowed to cool to room temperature,and then placed into an ice bath. After warming to room temperatureovernight, the mother liquid is decanted to reveal pure cis,transmuconic acid as a microcrystalline beige solid, which after drying underhigh-vacuum weighs 9.0 g, giving a 60 percent mass recovery.

Example 4 Synthesis of Cis,Trans Muconic Acid from Pure Cis,Cis MuconicAcid

An aqueous (150 ml) suspension of purified cis,cis muconic acid (15.0 g)is heated to reflux for 15 minutes using a heat gun. After cooling toroom temperature overnight, the precipitated solid, pure cis,transmuconic acid, is collected by filtration, washed with a small amount ofwater, and dried under high vacuum (10.4 g, 69 percent). A sample of themother liquid is concentrated, and the entire remaining residue isdissolved in DMSO-d₆ for ¹H NMR analysis. The bulk of the mother liquidis evaporated to dryness (4.2 g). Based on integration of the ¹H NMRspectrum of the evaporation residue of the mother liquid sample, 3percent of the total muconic acid remained in solution as the cis,transisomer, 25 percent is converted to its internal lactone, and theremaining 3 percent undergoes lactone-hydrolysis followed bydecarboxylation to form laevulinic acid.

Example 5 Synthesis of Trans,Trans Muconic Acid from Pure Cis,Cis orCis,Trans Muconic Acid

A mixture consisting of purified cis,cis or cis,trans muconic acid (12.5g, 88 mmol), I₂ (110 mg, 0.5 mol percent), and THF (110 ml, 0.8 M) isrefluxed for 4 hours. After cooling to room temperature, theprecipitated solid, pure trans,trans muconic acid, is collected byfiltration. To remove all traces of I₂, the solid is resuspended on thefrit in room temperature THF, which is again removed via aspiratorvacuum filtration. The material is dried under high vacuum (11.3 g, 90percent).

Examples 6 to 13 Synthesis of Trans,Trans Muconic Acid from CrudeCis,Cis or Cis,Trans Muconic Acid

Dried, purified cis,cis muconic acid (5.0 g, 35.2 mmol) is suspended inTHF (44 ml, 0.8 M). Either pure water (1, 5, 10, or 20 weight percent)or (NH₄)₂SO₄ (1, 5, 10, or 20 weight percent) is added. I₂ (45 mg, 0.5mol percent) is added and the mixture is heated to reflux for 4 hour.After cooling to room temperature, the precipitated trans,trans muconicacid is collected by filtration and dried. In the case of the (NH₄)₂SO₄experiments, the mass of collected trans,trans muconic acid is correctedfor the presence of (NH₄)₂SO₄. A sample of the mother liquid isconcentrated and all of the residue is dissolved in DMSO-d₆ for ¹H NMRanalysis. Integration allowed an estimation of the composition of themother liquid. The results are compiled in Tables 1 and 2

Tables 1 and 2:

composition of ti-MA the mother liquid added H₂O tt-MA isolated % % % Ex(weight %) isolated (g) (% yield) tt-MA ct-MA lactone 6  1 4.1 82 94 4 27  5 4.5 90 95 3 2 8 10 4.2 84 93 6 2 9 20 4.2 84 82 13  5 tt-MA =trans-trans muconic acid, ct-MA = cis-trans muconic acid.

added tt-MA H₂O tt-MA isolated composition of the mother liquid (weightisolated (% % % % % Ex %) (g) yield) tt-MA ct-MA cc-MA lactone 10  1 3.978 30 45 25 traces 11  5 3.1 62 24 65 11 1 12 10 3.0 60 21 73  5 1 13 202.5 50 15 79  4 2 tt-MA = trans-trans muconic acid, ct-MA = cis-transmuconic acid. cc-MA = cis-cis muconic acid,

Example 14 Synthesis of Cis,Trans-Muconic Acid from CrudeCis,Cis-Muconic Acid

Cis,cis-Muconic acid (100 g) is dissolved in water (1 L, then adjustedto pH 6 by adding base, sodium hydroxide) and the mixture is heated at90° C. for 3.5 hours. Samples are taken every 30 minutes and analyzed byHPLC. HPLC analyses of these samples show that the isomerization processis almost complete after 1 hour of heating at 90° C. After 3.5 hours ofheating at 90° C., the mixture is treated with charcoal (10 g) for 30minutes and filtered through a Whatman filter paper (#2). The pH of thesolution is adjusted to 3.5 by adding base, sodium hydroxide. Theprecipitate is obtained by filtration, washed with ice-cold water (200mL), and dried under reduced pressure to yield 64.5 g (65 percent yield)of light yellow cis, trans-muconic acid.

Example 15 Synthesis of Trans,Trans Muconic Acid from Cis,Cis MuconicAcid

A mixture containing purified cis,cis muconic acid (0.50 g), a catalyticamount of iodine (25 mg), and acetonitrile (35 ml) is heated to refluxfor 36 hours. The reaction is performed in the presence of ambient lightin the laboratory. The precipitated solid is filtered off from the stillhot solution and washed with cold acetonitrile. After drying under highvacuum, 0.40 g (80 percent yield) of pure trams, trans muconic acid arepresent as a tan-colored powder.

Example 16 Synthesis of Trans,Trans Muconic Acid from Cis,Trans MuconicAcid

A mixture containing cis, trans muconic acid (1.00 g), a catalyticamount of iodine (53 mg, 3.0 mole percent), and acetonitrile (35 ml) isheated to reflux for 11 hours. The reaction is performed in the presenceof ambient light in the laboratory. After cooling to room temperature,the precipitated solid is filtered off and washed with acetonitrile.After drying under high vacuum, 0.80 g (80 percent yield) of puretrans,trans muconic acid are present as a tan-colored powder. Thematerial obtained by this procedure from cis,trans muconic acid isidentical to the material obtained from cis,cis muconic acid by theprevious procedure.

Example 17 Synthesis of Trans,Trans-Muconic Acid from Cis,Trans-MuconicAcid

Cis,trans muconic acid (10 g, 70.4 mmol) is dissolved in THF (200 mL)along with 200 mg of iodine (1.1 mole percent). The reaction isperformed in the presence of ambient light in the laboratory. Themixture is then brought to reflux and samples are taken every 30 minutesto be analyzed by HPLC. After 2 hours of reflux, the precipitate isfiltered, washed with excess THF, and dried to yield 6.2 g of lightyellow solid. HPLC analysis of the isolated solid indicated that it ispure trans,trans-muconic acid and that the isomerization is completedafter 1 hour of reflux.

Example 18 Synthesis of Trans,Trans-Muconic Acid from Cis,Trans-MuconicAcid

Cis,trans-muconic acid (19 g, 133.8 mmol) is dissolved in THF (250 mL)at room temperature and a crystal of iodine (160 mg, 0.63 mmol, 0.5 molepercent) is added. The reaction is performed in the presence of ambientlight in the laboratory. The reaction mixture is allowed to stir at roomtemperature for 5 hours and the precipitant is filtered, washed withacetonitrile and dried under reduced pressure to yield 16 g oftrans,trans-muconic acid, an 84 percent yield.

Esterification of Muconic Acid Example 19 Synthesis of Cis,Cis DimethylMuconate from Cis,Cis Muconic Acid

Purified cis,cis muconic acid (10.0 g, 70.4 mmol) is suspended inaqueous sodium hydroxide (NaOH, 42.2 ml, 5.0 M, 211 mmol, 3.0equivalents). At room temperature, dimethyl sulfate (18.4 ml, 194 mmol,2.75 equivalents) is added after 15 min and the mixture is rapidlystirred for 6 hours. The mixture is taken up in ethyl acetate and shakenuntil all solid is dissolved. The organic phase is reextracted 3 timeswith 1 M (molar) aqueous NaOH and once with saturated aqueous sodiumchloride (NaCl). Drying with magnesium sulfate (MgSO₄), filtering, andevaporation of all solvent yields an off-white crystalline solid (6.2 g,36.4 mmol, 52 percent yield) which is identified as pure cis,cisdimethyl muconate, free of any dimethyl sulfate.

Example 20 Synthesis of Cis,Trans Dimethyl Muconate from Cis,TransMuconic Acid

Purified cis,trans muconic acid (10.0 g, 70.4 mmol) is suspended inaqueous NaOH (42.2 ml, 5.0 M, 211 mmol, 3.0 equivalents). At roomtemperature, dimethyl sulfate (18.4 ml, 194 mmol, 2.75 equivalents) isadded after 15 minutes and the mixture is rapidly stirred for 5 hours.The mixture is taken up in ethyl acetate and shaken until all solid isdissolved. The organic phase is reextracted 3 times with 1 M aqueousNaOH and once with saturated aqueous NaCl. Drying with magnesium sulfate(MgSO₄), filtering, and evaporation of all solvent yields an off-whitecrystalline solid (6.0 g, 35.3 mmol, 50 percent yield) which isidentified as pure cis,trans dimethyl muconate, free of any dimethylsulfate.

Example 21 Synthesis of Isomeric Dimethyl Muconates from Cis,Cis MuconicAcid

Cis,cis muconic acid (10.0 g, 70.4 mmol) is suspended in methanol (250ml). A catalytic amount of H₂SO₄ (0.6 ml) is added and the reactionmixture is refluxed for 18 hours. After concentration, the remainingbrown residue is taken up in ethyl acetate and extracted 3 times withsaturated aqueous K₂CO₃. Drying (Na₂SO₄), filtering, and evaporation ofall solvent results in a light brown solid (10.8 g, 63.5 mmol, 90percent yield), consisting mainly of cis,cis and cis,trans dimethylmuconate, which is used as described hereinafter without furtherpurification.

Example 22 Synthesis of Trans,Trans Dimethyl Muconate from Trans,TransMuconic Acid

Trans,trans muconic acid (4.6 g, 32.4 mmol) is suspended in methanol(125 ml). A catalytic amount of sulfuric acid, H₂SO₄ (0.3 ml) is addedand the reaction mixture is refluxed for 18 hours. After concentration,the remaining brown residue is taken up in ethyl acetate and extracted 3times with saturated aqueous potassium carbonate, aq. K₂CO₃. Drying oversodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄), filtering, and evaporation of all solventyields an off-white solid (5.2 g, 30.6 mmol, 94 percent yield), which isidentified as pure trans,trans dimethyl muconate.

Example 23 Synthesis of Trans,Trans Dimethyl Muconate from Trans,TransMuconic Acid

Concentrated H₂SO₄ (0.52 ml, 0.1 volume percent) is added to a stirredsuspension of trans,trans muconic acid (60 g, 0.42 mol) in methanol(0.52 l, 0.8 M). The reaction mixture is stirred at reflux for 16 hours.This reaction transforms a low solubility solid into another lowsolubility solid. The density of crystalline trans,trans dimethylmuconate is higher than that of crystalline trans,trans muconic acid:trans,trans muconic acid is suspended throughout the stirring methanolreaction mixture whereas trans,trans dimethyl muconate remainsaccumulated on the bottom of the flask at all investigated stirringrates. After cooling to room temperature, the mother liquid is decantedand the precipitate is washed with methanol. To remove all traces ofH₂SO₄, fresh methanol (200 ml) is introduced and the mixture is heatedto reflux for 10 minutes. After cooling to room temperature, the motherliquid is again decanted and the precipitate is washed with methanol.Drying under high vacuum provides clean trans,trans dimethyl muconate(68 g, 0.40 mol, 95 percent).

Example 24 Synthesis of Trans,Trans Di-n-Butyl Muconate from Trans,TransMuconic Acid

Trans,trans muconic acid (5.0 g, 35.2 mmol) is suspended in normalbutanol (40 ml). A catalytic amount of H₂SO₄ (0.45 ml) is added and thereaction mixture is refluxed for 16 hours. The reaction mixture isdiluted with ethyl acetate and extracted 3 times with saturated aqueoud.K₂CO₃. Drying (Na₂SO₄), filtering, and evaporation of all solvent yieldsa light yellow gel (8.3 g, 32.7 mmol, 93 percent yield), which isidentified as pure trans,trans di-n-butyl muconate.

Example 25 Synthesis of Trans,Trans Di-(2-Ethyl-Hexyl)Muconate fromTrans,Trans Muconic Acid

Trans,trans muconic acid (5.0 g, 35.2 mmol) is suspended in2-ethyl-hexanol (50 ml). A catalytic amount of H₂SO₄ (0.45 ml) is addedand the reaction mixture is refluxed for 18 hours. Most of the solventis evaporated and via a short chromatographic separation (SiO₂, hexanesas the eluent) a light yellow oil (11.2 g, 30.6 mmol, 87 percent yield)is obtained, which is identified as pure trans,transdi-(2-ethyl-hexyl)muconate.

Isomerization of Cis,Cis and Cis,Trans Dimethyl Muconate to Trans,TransDimethyl Muconate Example 26 Synthesis of Trans,Trans Dimethyl Muconatefrom Cis,Cis Dimethyl Muconate

A solution of cis,cis dimethyl muconate (0.60 g, 3.43 mmol) and acatalytic amount of iodine (30 mg, 3.3 mole percent) in acetonitrile (10ml) is heated to reflux for 15 hours. The reaction is performed in thepresence of ambient light in the laboratory. Removal of all solvent on arotary evaporator followed by high vacuum, washing with 15 ml diethylether and hexane in a 3/2 volumetric ratio to remove all of the iodine,and drying under high vacuum yields an off-white crystalline solid (0.58g, 3.41 mmol, 97 percent yield), which is identified as pure trans,transdimethyl muconate.

Example 27 Synthesis of Trans,Trans Dimethyl Muconate from Cis,TransDimethyl Muconate

A solution of cis,trans dimethyl muconate (0.60 g, 3.53 mmol) and acatalytic amount of iodine (43 mg, 4.8 mole percent) in acetonitrile (10ml) is heated to reflux for 25 hours. The reaction is performed in thepresence of ambient light in the laboratory. Removal of all solvent on arotary evaporator is followed by applying a high vacuum, washing with 15ml diethyl ether and hexane in a 3/2 volumetric ratio to remove alliodine, and drying under high vacuum yields an off-white crystallinesolid (0.60 g, 3.53 mmol, 100 percent yield) which is identified as puretrans,trans dimethyl muconate.

Example 28 Synthesis of Trans,Trans Dimethyl Muconate from the IsomericDimethyl Muconates

A solution of the mixture of cis,cis and cis,trans dimethyl muconate(10.8 g, 63.5 mmol) obtained in Example 21 and a catalytic amount of I₂(300 mg, 1.9 mol percent) in methanol (250 ml) is heated to reflux for60 hours, at which time TLC and GC-MS confirms complete conversion. Uponcooling to 0° C., trans,trans dimethyl muconate precipitates. It iscollected by filtration, washed with ice-cold methanol, and dried underhigh vacuum (8.2 g, 48.2 mmol, 76 percent yield). The material obtainedby this procedure is identical to the material obtained by the previoustwo procedures.

Reactions of Trans,Trans Muconic Acid and Trans,Trans Dimethyl MuconateExample 29 Reaction of Trans,Trans Dimethyl Muconate and MaleicAnhydride

In a 5 ml pressure tube, trans,trans dimethyl muconate (1.0 g, 5.9 mmol)and maleic anhydride (1.7 g, 17.6 mmol, 3 eq.) are heated to 150° C. for1 hour. ¹H NMR analysis of the cooled reaction mixture reveals thepresence of about 79 percent desired addition product.

Example 30 Reaction Between Cis,Cis Dimethyl Muconate and MaleicAnhydride

A solution of cis,cis dimethyl muconate (0.1 g, 0.6 mmol) and maleicanhydride (173 mg, 1.8 mmol, 3 eq.) in decahydronaphthalene (2 ml) isheated to 150° C. for 24 hours. All of the cooled reaction mixture isdissolved in DMSO-d₆ for ¹H NMR analysis, showing the presence of about60 percent unreacted cis,cis dimethyl muconate, 20 percent isomerizedtrans,trans dimethyl muconate, and 20 percent of the Diets-Alderaddition product between trans,trans dimethyl muconate and maleicanhydride.

Example 31 Reaction Between Cis,Trans Dimethyl Muconate and MaleicAnhydride

A solution of cis,trans dimethyl muconate (0.1 g, 0.6 mmol) and maleicanhydride (173 mg, 1.8 mmol, 3 eq.) in decahydronaphthalene (2 ml) isheated to 150° C. for 24 hours. All of the cooled reaction mixture isdissolved in DMSO-d₆ for ¹H NMR analysis, showing the presence of about69 percent unreacted cis,trans dimethyl muconate, 9 percent isomerizedtrans,trans dimethyl muconate, and 22 percent of the addition productbetween trans,trans dimethyl muconate and maleic anhydride.

Example 32 Preparation of Trimethyl Trimellitate Via Reaction BetweenTrans,Trans Dimethyl Muconate and Methyl Propiolate

In a 5 ml pressure tube, a solution of trans,trans dimethyl muconate(1.0 g, 5.9 mmol) in methyl propiolate (2.5 ml, 29.4 mmol, 5 eq.) isheated to 160° C. for 19 hour. ¹H NMR analysis of the cooled reactionsolution reveals that no unreacted trans,trans dimethyl muconateremains. Three substances are found to be present in near equalquantities. Repeated column chromatography (Si35, SF25-40g, AnaLogixcolumn with 13 percent ethyl acetate/hexane isocratic eluent) of thecrude reaction mixture, and analysis of single fractions, allows theidentification of the three distinct reaction products: trimethyltrimellitate (23 percent), arising by an oxidation of the initiallyformed diene product, dimethyl2-(2-methoxy-2-oxoethylidene)cyclopenta-3,5-diene-1,3-dicarboxylate (29percent), arising from a cheletropic addition (end-on) of the alkyne tothe diene followed by oxidation, and an E/Z mixture of methyl3-(2-methoxy-2-oxoethylidene)cyclopenta-1,4-dienecarboxylate (27percent), arising from an attack of the alkyne onto the β-carbon of theene, followed by methanol elimination to form a cumulene which undergoesrearrangement under expulsion of CO. Similar experiments with cis,cisand cis,trans dimethyl muconate only produce the products derived fromtrans,trans dimethyl muconate due to initial isomerization totrans,trans dimethyl muconate followed by addition.

Example 33 Diels-Alder Reaction Between Trans,Trans Muconic Acid andAcrylic Acid

A stirred mixture of trans,trans muconic acid (1.0 g, 7.0 mmol) andacrylic acid (0.96 ml, 14.0 mmol, 2.0 eq.) in a 5 ml round-bottom flaskequipped with a reflux condenser is heated to 140° C. for 3 hours. Toachieve a larger amount of conversion, more acrylic acid is added overthe course of the reaction (1.0 eq. at 2 hours). In order to facilitatethe characterization of the product, the reaction mixture is esterifiedin methanol overnight. GC-MS analysis of the crude esterified productshows the presence of trimethyl cyclohex-5-ene-1,2,4-tricarboxylate,thus confirming the formation of cyclohex-5-ene-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acidvia reaction between trans,trans muconic acid and acrylic acid.

Example 34 Preparation of Trimethyl Cyclo-5-ene-1,2,4-tricarboxylate

Trans,trans dimethyl muconate (1 g, 5.9 mmol), methyl acrylate (1.6 ml,17.6 mmol, 3 eq) and hydroquinone (65 mg, 0.59 mmol, 0.1 eq) are mixedin m-xylene (30 ml). The reaction mixture is refluxed under nitrogen for72 hours. The reaction mixture is then concentrated down to a clearcolorless gel, which is purified by column chromatography using theAnalogix BSR SimpliFlash system (Hexanes/Ethyl acetate, 8:2). A mixtureof the two diastereomers of the desired product is isolated as a clearcolorless and colorless oil with a 61 percent yield, 0.9 g, 3.6 mmol.

Example 35 Preparation of 2-butyl-1,4-dimethylCyclo-5-ene-1,2,4-tricarboxylate

Trans,trans dimethyl muconate (1 g, 5.9 mmol) is mixed with butylacrylate (0.85 ml, 5.9 mmol, 1.0 eq) and hydroquinone (65 mg, 0.59 mmol,0.1 eq). The reaction mixture is heated to 140° C. for 1 hour. After onehour, 0.5 equivalents of butyl acrylate (0.42 ml, 2.9 mmol) are added tothe mixture and it is heated for an additional hour. Then, 0.2equivalents of butyl acrylate (0.17 ml, 1.2 mmol) are added to thereaction mixture, which is heated for one more hour. After a total of 3hours, the reaction mixture is allowed to cool down to room temperature.The excess butyl acrylate is evaporated and the resulting residue ispurified by column chromatography using an Analogix BSR SimpliFlashsystem (Hexanes/Ethyl acetate, 8:2). The desired product is obtained asa mixture of two diastereomers of the expected Diels-Alder additionproduct with an 81 percent yield (1.4 g, 4.8 mmol, clear gel).

Example 36 Preparation of Tributyl Cyclo-5-ene-1,2,4-tricarboxylate

A stirred mixture of trans,trans di-n-butyl muconate (1.0 g, 3.9 mmol)and n-butyl acrylate (0.85 ml, 5.9 mmol, 1.5 eq.) with hydroquinone (0.1eq) in a 5 ml round-bottom flask equipped with a reflux condenser isheated to 140° C. for 4 hours. To achieve a larger amount of conversion,more n-butyl acrylate is added over the course of the reaction (1.0 eq.at 3 hours). The cooled reaction mixture is purified by columnchromatography (Si35, SF25-40g, AnaLogix column with 10 percent ethylacetate/hexane isocratic eluent) to provide two diastereomers of theexpected addition product (1.1 g, 3.0 mmol, 78 percent yield) as a clearlight-yellow oil.

Example 37 Preparation ofTri-(2-ethyl-hexyl)Cyclohex-5-ene-1,2,4-tricarboxylate

A stirred mixture of trans,trans di-(2-ethyl-hexyl)muconate (1.0 g, 2.7mmol), 2-ethyl-hexyl acrylate (1.1 ml, 5.4 mmol, 2.0 eq.), andhydroquinone (30 mg, 0.27 mmol, 0.1 eq.) in a 5 ml round-bottom flaskequipped with a reflux condenser is heated to 140° C. for 4 hours. Toachieve a larger amount of conversion, more 2-ethyl-hexyl acrylate isadded over the course of the reaction (2.0 eq. at 1 h, 1.0 eq. at 3hours). The cooled reaction mixture is purified by column chromatography(Si35, SF25-40g, AnaLogix column, gradient: 100 percent hexanes to 20percent ethyl acetate/hexanes) to provide two diastereomers of theaddition product (0.72 g, 1.3 mmol, 49 percent yield) in the form of aclear light-yellow oil. When this reaction is run in the absence ofhydroquinone, the same two diastereomers of the addition product areformed.

Example 38 to 40 Preparation of dimethylcyclohex-2-ene-1,4-dicarboxylate

In a Parr pressure reactor, a rapidly stirred solution of trans,transdimethyl muconate (2.58 g, 15.2 mmol) in nm-xylene (120 ml) is heatedunder an ethylene atmosphere (260 psi at 23° C. after the solution issaturated with ethylene) at a 150° C. set-point temperature (151-168° C.observed) for 24 hours. ¹H NMR analysis of the near-colorless cooledreaction solution revealed about 96 percent conversion to dimethylcyclohex-2-ene-1,4-dicarboxylate. Removal of the solvent provided awhite-cloudy oil. The precipitated traces of trans,trans dimethylmuconate are separated by taking up the oil in tert-butyl-methyl-etherand filtering it to provide, after removal of the solvent, an over 98percent pure product (near-colorless oil). Another batch is purified bycolumn chromatography (Si35, SF25-40g, AnaLogix column with 13 percentethyl acetate/hexane isocratic eluent) to obtain an analytical sample.Diastereomers of dimethyl cyclohex-2-ene-1,4-dicarboxylate are detectedby GC. As shown in the following table, the reaction can also beconduced successfully on a larger scale and also with free trans,transmuconic acid (Examples 41-42). Table 3 shows the amount of dimethylmuconate, pressure (psi), c(M), solvent, set and reaction temperatures,reaction time in hours and the result of the reaction. In Examples 41and 42 the trans,trans muconic acid is the starting material instead oftrans,trans dimethyl muconate.

Examples 41 and 42 Reaction Between Free Trans,trans Muconic Acid andEthylene

In a Parr pressure reactor, a rapidly stirred (1.55 rpm) mixture oftrans,trans muconic acid (2.10 g, 14.7 mmol) and water (120 ml) isheated under an ethylene atmosphere (270 psi at 23° C. after thesolution was saturated with ethylene) at a 150° C. set-point temperaturefor 3 days. After opening the cooled Parr reactor, an orange solid ispresent on the ground of a yellow solution. The yellow solution isdecanted and the orange solid is dried (paper towel) to provide 0.85 g(5.0 mmol, 34 percent yield). ¹H NMR analysis identifies it to be thetautomerized ethylene-Diels-Alder addition product. An additionalquantity of the tautomerized product was present in the yellow solution.In addition, the yellow solution also contained a small quantity of theuntautomerized initial Diels-Alder addition product and decomposedmaterial. A subsequent reaction (Example 42) at 125° C. for 1 day showsthat at such lower temperature more (44 percent) untautomerized initialDiels-Alder addition product is present at the time the reaction isworked-up; in addition, 13 percent tautomerized product is present, 41percent unreacted starting material was recovered, and only 2 percentdecomposed material is present. The results of Examples 38 to 42 areshown in Table 3.

TABLE 3 M P T t y Ex g psi Solvent c (M) ° C. d percent Remarks 38 2.6270 m-xylene 0.12 150 1 96 39 7.6 260 m-xylene 0.36 150 2 98 40 2.1 250n-butanol 0.12 150 3 74 n-butyl carboylate product, and 26 percent din-butyl muconate 41 2.1 270 water 0.12 150 3 >34 >0.85 g (>34 percent)of tautomerized DAp 42 2.1 270 water 10.12 125 1 44 13 percent oftautomerized DAp M muconate amount in grams c(M) means molarconcentration of muconate in solvent. T is temperature in degreescentigrade. t is reaction time in days. y is yield in weight percent.DAp is Diels Alder product.

Examples 43 to 47 One-Pot Isomerization and Diels-Alder Followed byEsterification

The reaction sequence is shown in FIG. 1. In a Parr pressure reactor, astirred suspension of cis,cis muconic acid (8.6 g, 60.6 mmol) and I₂(114 mg, 0.7 mol percent) in diglyme (diglycol methyl ether, 120 ml, 0.5M) is heated under ethylene pressure (270 psi (1.86 MPa) at 23° C.) to200° C. for 48 hours. All solvent is removed, and methanol (200 ml) anda catalytic amount of concentrated H₂SO₄ (0.2 ml) are added. Afterreflux for 14 hours, the solution is analyzed by GC to quantify theamounts of dimethyl cyclohex-2-ene-1,4-dicarboxylate (13-19 percent) anddimethyl cyclohex-1-ene-1,4-dicarboxylate (74-76 percent) present.Removal of the solvent and distillation provides clean product. Theresults are shown in Table 4.

TABLE 4 % yield catalyst/ eq-ax bis-eq Ex solvent mol % T (° C.) Me₂-Δ²Me₂-Δ² Me₂-Δ¹ 43 diglyme I₂, 0.6 165 60  9 44 diglyme I₂, 0.7 200  8 1176 45 diglyme none 200  3  4  4 46 MeOH I₂, 0.7 200  9  7  5 47 diglymeI₂, 0.7 200 13 74

Example 48 Synthesis of Dimethyl Cyclohex-2-ene-1,4-dicarboxylate fromTrans,Trans Dimethyl Muconate—Larger Scale

In a Parr pressure reactor, a stirred suspension of trans, transdimethyl muconate (40.8 g, 240 mmol) in diglyme (120 ml, 2.0 M) isheated under ethylene pressure (270 psi (1.86 MPa) at 23° C.) to 165° C.for 24 hours. Analysis of the reaction mixture by GC allowsquantification of the products; dimethylcyclohex-2-ene-1,4-dicarboxylate (75 percent) and dimethylcyclohex-1-ene-1,4-dicarboxylate (1 percent) are present. Removal of thesolvent and distillation provides clean product.

Example 49 One Step Cis,Trans Dimethyl Muconate Isomerization toTrans,Trans Dimethyl Muconate and Reaction with Ethylene

In a Parr reactor, a mixture of cis,trans dimethyl muconate (9.80 g,57.6 mmol), iodine (73 mg, 0.29 mmol, 0.5 mol percent), and dioxane (120ml, 0.48 M) is heated to 160° C. for 24 hours under ethylene pressure(p_(RT)=270 psi (1.86 MPa)). After cooling to room temperature, a weaklyyellow, cloudy suspension is present. All solvent is evaporated on arotary evaporator from a sample of this suspension to reveal a colorlessoil with a yellow solid suspended in it. All of this material isdissolved in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO-D₆) and analyzed by ¹H NMRspectroscopy: 86 percent of dimethyl cyclohex-2-ene-1,4-dicarboxylate isfound to be present.

Example 50 One Step Cis,Trans Muconic Acid Isomerization to Trans,TransMuconic Acid and Reaction with Ethylene

In a Parr reactor, a mixture of cis,trans muconic acid (8.18 g, 57.6mmol), I₂ (293 mg, 1.15 mmol, 2.0 mole percent), and THF (120 ml, 0.48M) is heated to 160° C. for 25 hours under ethylene pressure (p_(RT)=252psi (1.74 MPa)). After cooling to room temperature, a white solid isfound to be suspended in a weakly yellow solution. The solution isfiltered to remove the precipitated trans,trans muconic acid and allsolvent is evaporated on a rotary evaporator. The residue is suspendedin hot ethyl acetate/dioxane; after cooling to room temperature, theprecipitated solid is removed by filtration and the filtrate isevaporated to dryness to yield cyclohex-2-ene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid(7.22 g, 42.4 mmol, 75 percent).

Oxidation to Terephthalic Acid and its Esters Example 51 Preparation ofTerephthalic Acid by Oxidation of the Reaction Products BetweenTrans,Trans Muconic Acid and Ethylene

In a Parr pressure reactor, the product of example 50 (0.85 g, 5.0 mmol)is suspended in H₂O (120 ml, 0.04 M) and Pt/C (390 mg, 5 percent Pt/C, 2mole percent Pt) powder is added. The reactor is pressurized with air(240 psi at 23° C. after saturation of the liquid phase) and itscontents heated to 150° C. set-point temperature for 3 days under rapidstirring (155 rpm). After opening the cooled Parr reactor, a whitesolid, partly submerged under the aqueous Pt/C suspension, is present onthe surface of the glass reaction vessel. The combined material isfiltered and repeatedly washed using copious quantities of hot methanolto provide, after concentration to dryness, a near white solid (0.43 g).NMR analysis shows the presence of 55 percent terephthalic acid, 40percent trans-, and 5 percent cis-cyclohexane-1,4-dicarboxylic acid.

Example 52 Preparation of Dimethyl Terephthalate—Oxidation with Air atNormal Pressure

Air is bubbled through a refluxing solution of dimethylcyclohex-2-ene-1,4-dicarboxylate (0.25 g, 1.26 mmol) in acetic acid (20ml) containing a catalytic amount of platinum on carbon powder (200 mg,5 percent Pt/C, 10 mg Pt, 4 mole percent) for a period of 87 hours. ¹HNMR analysis of the cooled reaction suspension reveals about 69 percentconversion to the desired oxidation product. Filtration and removal ofthe solvent provides a near-white solid (0.24 g). Purification by columnchromatography (Si35, SF40-80g, AnaLogix column with 13 percent ethylacetate/hexane isocratic eluent) provides an analytical sample ofdimethyl terephthalate.

Example 53 Preparation of Dimethyl Terephthalate—Oxidation with Air in aParr Reactor

In a Parr pressure reactor, dimethyl cyclohex-2-ene-1,4-dicarboxylate(2.42 g, 12.2 mmol) is dissolved in cyclohexane (120 ml, 0.10 M) and acatalytic amount of platinum on carbon (476 mg, 5 percent Pt/C, 1 molepercent platinum) powder is added. The reactor is pressurized with air(240 psi (1.65 MPa) at 23° C. after saturation of the solution) and itscontents are heated at a 150° C. set-point temperature for 3 days underrapid stirring (160 rpm). After opening the cooled Parr reactor, asuspension of black platinum on carbon (Pt/C) in a near colorlesssolution is present. All solvent is removed from a sample of thesuspension, and the entire residue is dissolved in CDCl₃ for ¹H NMRanalysis. Integration of the respective resonances shows the presence ofabout 23 percent unreacted dimethyl cyclohex-2-ene-1,4-dicarboxylatestarting material, of about 59 percent dimethyl terephthalate oxidationproduct, and of about 18 percent dimethyl cyclohexane-1,4-dicarboxylatedisproportionation by-product. Column chromatography (Si35, SF40-150g,AnaLogix column with 10 percent ethyl acetate/hexane isocratic eluent)provides pure dimethyl terephthalate.

Example 54 Reaction of Trans,Trans Dimethyl Muconate with Ethylene andDehydrogenation in the Same Solvent

In a Parr reactor, a mixture of trans,trans dimethyl muconate (6.13 g,36.0 mmol) and diglyme (120 ml, 0.30 M) is heated to 165° C. for 24hours under ethylene pressure (p_(RT)=259 psi (1.79 MPa)). After coolingto room temperature, the weakly yellow, clear solution is diluted usingdiglyme to 200 ml in a volumetric flask, transferred into a round-bottomflask equipped with a magnetic stirring bar, and catalytic palladium oncarbon (Pd/C) is added (356 mg of Johnson-Matthey 5 percent Pd/C #6, 0.2mole percent) at room temperature. The flask is equipped with a refluxcondenser, fitted gas dispersion tube, and internal Temperature probe.Under N₂ flow (190 ml/min) and stirring (190 rpm) the mixture is heatedto reflux (T_(max,observed)=169° C.) while samples were taken atappropriate intervals (t=0.0, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 8.0 h) tomonitor the progress of the reactions occurring. Rapid (t≦1 h)disappearance of the dimethyl cyclohex-2-ene-1,4-dicarboxylate, □²,2-ene is observed concurrent with some material undergoingtautomerization to its thermodynamically more stable isomer (dimethylcyclohex-1-ene-1,4-dicarboxylate, □¹, 1-ene), while also the desiredoxidation/dehydrogenation/aromatization product dimethyl terephthalate(DMT) and some reduced material (dimethyl cyclohexane-1,4-dicarboxylateCHa) are formed. After 8 hours reaction time, 77 percent DMT, 17 percentcyclohexane, and 5 percent tautomer are present. The graph of FIG. 2shows the concentration of materials at various time intervals.

Examples 55-63 Synthesis of Dimethyl Terephthalate (DMT)—Batch Reaction

In a flask equipped with a reflux condenser, fitted gas dispersion tube,and internal T probe, a solution of dimethylcyclohexene-1,4-carboxylate, both the 2-ene and 1-ene tautomer arestarting materials, containing heterogeneous catalyst, palladium on asupport, is heated to reflux under N₂ flow (190 ml/min) and stirring(190 rpm). Samples are taken at appropriate intervals (t=0.0, 0.25, 0.5,1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 8.0 hours) to monitor the progress of the reactionsoccurring. Filtration to remove the catalyst, followed by solventevaporation, and recrystallization of the remaining residue frommethanol provides clean dimethyl terephthalate. The results are shown inTable 5.

TABLE 5 % yield after 8 h reflux equiv. solvent Me₂- Me₂-c_(DMT)/c_(CHa) Ex catalyst T_(added) c_(substrate)(M) Me₂-Δ² DMT Δ¹ CHaat 8 h 55 5% Pd/C, 35 0.2 mol % m-xylene 3 42 46  9 4.5/1 micron, JM # 6RT 0.18 56 5% Pd/C, 35 0.1 mol % diglyme 3 39 49  9 4.3/1 micron, JM # 6RT 0.18 54 5% Pd/C, 35 0.2 mol % diglyme 0 77  5 17 4.6/1 micron, JM # 6RT 0.18 57 5%. Pd/C, 35 0.4 mol % diglyme 0 76  0 21 3.7/1 micron, JM #6 RT 0.18 58 5% Pd/C, 35 0.2 mol % Et₂diglyme 3 24 66  7 3.3/1 micron,JM # 6 RT 0.18 59 8.6% Pd/Davisil 0.3 mol % diglyme 3 27 58 13 2.1/1635, 60-100 mesh RT 0.22 60 5% Pd/Al₂O₃, 50 0.3 mol % diglyme 0 68  0 302.3/1 micron, JM # 12 RT 0.22 61 5% Pd/Al₂O₃, 50 0.3 mol % triglyme 0 75 0 23 3.3/1 micron, JM # 12 reflux 0.22 62 5% Pd(S)/C, 25 0.3 mol %diglyme 0 73  0 25 2.9/1 micron, JM # 11 RT 0.22 63 5 % Pt/C, 30 0.3 mol% diglyme 16  13 65  6 2.2/1 micron, JM # 23 RT 0.22 JM =Johnson-Matthey commercial catalyst screening kit. T_(final reflux) =145° C. (m-xylene). 162° C. (diglyme). 190° C. (Et₂diglyme), and 225° C.(triglyme).

Davisil is a magnesium silica gel. Et₂diglyme is diethyl diglycol ether.Microns refer to the mean particle size.

Example 64 Hydrolysis of Dimethyl Terephthalate to Terephthalic Acid

Following, U.S. Pat. No. 4,302,595, incorporated herein by reference, asuspension of dimethyl terephthalate in H₂O is heated to 250° C. for 4hour in a Parr pressure reactor resulting in hydrolysis to terephthalicacid.

Examples 66 and 67 High Yield Synthesis of DimethylCyclohexane-1,4-dicarboxylate

A solution of dimethyl cyclohex-2-ene-1,4-dicarboxylate and dimethylcyclohex-1-ene-1,4-dicarboxylate is hydrogenated under balloon pressureat room temperature over Pd/C catalyst. If methylene chloride is used asthe solvent, primarily the 2-ene tautomer is reduced, whereas most ofthe 1-ene tautomer remains unreacted. If ethanol is used as the solventboth tautomers are reduced.

Substituted Diels-Alder Products and Terephthalates Example 68 Dimethyl2-Chloro-cyclohexene-1,4-dicarboxylate, Dimethyl Chloro-terephthalate,and Dimethyl 2-Chloro-cyclohexane-1,4-dicarboxylate

In a Parr pressure reactor, a stirred suspension of trans,trans dimethylmuconate (6.1 g, 36 mmol) in dimethyldipropyleneglycol (120 ml, 0.3 M)is heated under vinyl chloride pressure (18 psi (0.124 MPa) at 23° C.)to 165° C. for 48 hours. After cooling to room temperature, the reactionmixture is diluted using the same solvent to 200 ml in a volumetricflask, transferred into a round-bottom flask equipped with a magneticstirring bar, and Pd/C catalyst is added (360 mg of Johnson-Matthey 5percent Pd/C #6, 0.2 mol percent) at room temperature. The flask isequipped with a reflux condenser, flitted gas dispersion tube, andinternal T probe. Under N₂ flow (190 ml/min) and stirring (190 rpm) themixture is heated to reflux while samples are taken at appropriateintervals (t=0.0, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 8.0 h) to monitor theprogress of the reactions occurring. After 8 hour reaction time,dimethyl chloro-terephthalate is present. Some material also undergoesC—Cl bond cleavage and dimethyl 2-chloro-cyclohexane-1,4-dicarboxylateis also formed.

Example 69 Dimethyl 2-Methyl-cyclohexene-1,4-dicarboxylate, DimethylMethyl-terephthalate, and Dimethyl2-Methyl-cyclohexane-1,4-dicarboxylate

In a Parr pressure reactor, a stirred suspension of trans,trans dimethylmuconate (6.1 g, 36 mmol) in diglyme (120 ml, 0.3 M) is heated underpropylene pressure (119 psi (0.0820 MPa) at 23° C.) to 165° C. for 48hours. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction mixture istransferred to a flask and concentrated (0.5 M). Pd/C catalyst is added(0.3 mol percent of Johnson-Matthey 5 percent Pd/C #6) at roomtemperature. The flask is equipped with a reflux condenser, fritted gasdispersion tube, and internal Temperature probe. Under N₂ flow (190ml/min) and stirring (190 rpm) the mixture is heated to reflux for 27hours whereby dimethyl methyl-terephthalate is formed. Some dimethyl2-methyl-cyclohexane-1,4-dicarboxylate is also produced.

Example 70 Trimethyl Cyclohexene-1,2,4-tricarboxylate, TrimethylTrimellitate, and Trimethyl Cyclohexane-1,2,4-tricarboxylate

In a 75 ml sealed tube, a stirred suspension of trans,trans dimethylmuconate (10.0 g, 58.8 mmol), two equivalents of methyl acrylate (10.6ml, 117.6 mmol), neutral Al₂O₃ (300 mg of Aldrich 199974, 3 masspercent), and tert-butyl catechol (25 mg, 0.2 mol percent) in diglyme(20 ml, 2.9 M) is heated to 150° C. for 24 hours. After cooling to roomtemperature, the reaction mixture is filtered, transferred to a flask,and concentrated (0.5 M). Pd/C catalyst is added (856 mg (0.3 molpercent) of Johnson-Matthey 5 percent Pd/C #6) at room temperature. Theflask is equipped with a reflux condenser, flitted gas dispersion tube,and internal T probe. Under N₂ flow (190 ml/min) and stirring (190 rpm)the mixture is heated to reflux for 27 hours whereby trimethyltrimellitate (46 percent over 2 steps) is formed. Some trimethylcyclohexane-1,2,4-tricarboxylate is also produced.

Example 71 Dimethyl 2-Phenyl-cyclohexene-1,4-dicarboxylate, DimethylPhenyl-terephthalate, and Dimethyl2-Phenyl-cyclohexane-1,4-dicarboxylate

In a 75 ml sealed tube, a stirred suspension of trans,trans dimethylmuconate (10.0 g, 58.8 mmol), two equivalents of styrene (13.5 ml, 117.6mmol), neutral Al₂O₃ (300 mg of Aldrich 199974, 3 mass percent), andtert-butyl catechol (25 mg, 0.2 mol percent) in diglyme (20 ml, 2.9 M)is heated to 150° C. for 24 hours. After cooling to room temperature,the reaction mixture is filtered, transferred to a flask, andconcentrated. The residue is redissolved in triglyme (0.5 M). Pd/Al₂O₃catalyst is added (636 mg (0.5 mol percent) of Johnson-Matthey 5 percentPd/Al₂O₃ #12) at room temperature. The flask is equipped with a refluxcondenser, fritted gas dispersion tube, and internal Temperature probe.Under N₂ flow (190 ml/min) and stirring (190 rpm) the mixture is heatedto reflux for 63 hours whereby dimethyl phenyl-terephthalate is formed.Some dimethyl 2-phenyl-cyclohexane-1,4-dicarboxylate is also produced.

Example 72 Thermal Isomerization of Cis,Trans Muconic Acid toTrans,Trans Muconic Acid

A mixture of cis,trans muconic acid (5.11 g, 36.0 mmol) and Methanol(200 ml, 0.18 M) is heated to reflux. At appropriate intervals (t=0, 2,4, 24, 48, 72, 96, 168 hours) samples are analyzed by HPLC to determinethe amounts of cis,trans muconic acid and trans,trans muconic acid beingpresent. After 168 hours reaction time, 5.1 percent of trans,transmuconic acid are found to be present with the remaining material beingunreacted cis,trans muconic acid.

Example 73 Pd/C-Catalyzed Isomerization of Cis,Trans Muconic Acid toTrans,Trans Muconic Acid

A mixture of cis,trans muconic acid (5.11 g, 36.0 mmol), Pd/C (511 mg of5 percent Pd/C, 10 mass percent), and methanol (200 ml, 0.18 M) isheated to reflux. At appropriate intervals (t=0, 2, 4, 24, 48, 72, 96,168 hours) samples are analyzed by HPLC to determine the amounts ofcis,trans muconic acid and trans,trans muconic acid being present. After168 hour reaction time, 22.7 percent of trans,trans muconic acid arefound to be present with the remaining material being unreactedcis,trans muconic acid.

Oxidation to Esters of Trimellitic Acid Example 74 Preparation ofTrimethyl Trimellitate

Trimethyl cyclohex-5-ene-1,2,4-tricarboxylate (200 mg, 0.78 mmol) ismixed with 305 mg of 5 percent by weight platinum on a carbon support inm-xylene (30 ml). The reaction mixture is refluxed with the refluxapparatus being open to air for 4 days. The residual platinum on carbonis then filtered off and the filtrate is concentrated down to a clearcolorless gel. The desired product is obtained with a 65 percent yield.The yield is determined by GC/MS using a dodecane as an internalstandard.

Example 75 Preparation of 2-butyl-1,4-dimethylbenzene-1,2,4-tricarboxylate

Tri-n-butyl cyclohex-5-ene-1,2,4-tricarboxylate (500 mg, 1.7 mmol) ismixed with 5 percent by weight platinum on a carbon support (663 mg) inm-xylene (30 ml). The reaction mixture is refluxed with the refluxapparatus being open to air for 4 days. The residual platinum on acarbon support is then filtered off and the filtrate is concentrateddown to a clear colorless gel. The resulting residue purified by columnchromatography using an Analogix BSR SimpliFlash system (Hexanes/Ethylacetate, 9:1). Due to very similar polarities between the startingmaterial and the desired product, they cannot be completely separated.In order to determine a yield, the2-butyl-1,4-dimethylbenzene-1,2,4-tricarboxylate undergoes atransesterification to form the trimethyl trimellitate. Thetransesterification does not go to completion and the yield determinedby GC is 48 percent.

Reduction to Esters of Cyclohexane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic Acid Example 76Preparation of Trimethyl Cyclohexane-1,2,4-tricarboxylate

A solution of trimethyl cyclohex-5-ene-1,2,4-tricarboxylate (0.50 g, 1.9mmol) in methylene chloride (15 ml) containing a catalytic amount ofpalladium on carbon (150 mg, 5 percent Pd/C, 7.5 mg Pd, 4 mole percent)is stirred at room temperature under balloon pressure of hydrogen gasfor 2 hours, at which point GC-MS analysis shows complete conversion.Filtration and removal of the solvent provides trimethylcyclohexane-1,2,4-tricarboxylate as a clear, colorless gel (0.42 g, 1.6mmol, 85 percent yield).

Example 77 Isomerization of Cis,Cis-Muconic Acid to Cis,Trans-MuconicAcid in Water

cis,cis-Muconic acid (265 g) is suspended in water (2 L) and the pH ofthe solution is adjusted to 5.1 with 10 M NaOH (250 mL). The mixture isheated at 90° C. for 2 hours. The progress of the isomerization ismonitored by HPLC. After 2 hours of heating at 90° C., the mixture istreated with charcoal (20 g) for 30 minutes and the hot solution isfiltered through a thin bed of Celite. The solution is adjusted to a pHof 2 with concentrated sulfuric acid (50 mL) and allowed to cool to 0°C. in an ice-bath. The precipitate is recovered by filtration and driedunder reduced pressure overnight to yield 71 g cis,trans-muconic acid aslight yellow solid. The filtrate is concentrated to 600 mL and allowedto incubate at 0° C. overnight. More precipitate is observed and isfiltered and dried to yield an additional 152 g of cis,trans-muconicacid, an overall yield of 84 percent is achieved.

Example 78 Isomerization of Cis,Trans-Muconic Acid toTrans,Trans-Muconic Acid in Methanol

cis,trans-Muconic acid (105 mg, 0.739 mmol) is dissolved in methanol (10mL) at room temperature and a crystal of iodine (26 mg, 0.102 mmol) isadded. The reaction mixture is allowed to stir at room temperature for24 hours. The precipitate is filtered, washed with ice-cold acetonitrileand dried under reduced pressure to yield 65 mg of trans,trans-muconicacid, a 62 percent yield.

Example 79 Isomerization of Cis,Trans-Muconic Acid toTrans,Trans-Muconic Acid in Ethanol

cis,trans-Muconic acid (105 mg, 0.739 mmol) is dissolved in ethanol (10mL) at room temperature and a crystal of iodine (13 mg, 0.05 mmol) isadded. The reaction mixture is allowed to stir at room temperature for24 hour. The precipitate is filtered, washed with acetonitrile and driedunder reduced pressure to yield 70 mg of trans, trans-muconic acid, a 67percent yield.

Example 80 Isomerization of Cis,Trans-Muconic Acid toTrans,Trans-Muconic Acid in n-Propanol

cis,trans-Muconic acid (103 mg, 0.725 mmol) is dissolved in n-propanol(10 mL) at room temperature and a crystal of iodine (10 mg, 0.04 mmol)is added. The reaction mixture is allowed to stir at room temperaturefor 24 hours. The precipitate is filtered, washed with acetonitrile anddried under reduced pressure to yield 75 mg of trans,trans-muconic acid,a 73 percent yield.

Example 81 Isomerization of Cis,Trans-Muconic Acid toTrans,Trans-Muconic Acid in n-Butanol

cis,trans-Muconic acid (105 mg, 0.739 mmol) is dissolved in n-butanol(10 mL) at room temperature and a crystal of iodine (17 mg, 0.067 mmol)is added. The reaction mixture is allowed to stir at room temperaturefor 24 hours. The precipitate is filtered, washed with ice-coldacetonitrile and dried under reduced pressure to yield 80 mg oftrans,trans-muconic acid, a 76 percent yield.

Example 82 Isomerization of Cis,Trans-Muconic Acid toTrans,Trans-Muconic Acid in Acetone

cis,trans-Muconic acid (109 mg, 0.767 mmol) is dissolved in acetone (10mL) at room temperature and a crystal of iodine (13 mg, 0.05 mmol) wasadded. The reaction mixture is allowed to stir at room temperature for24 hour. The precipitate is filtered, washed with ice-cold acetonitrileand dried under reduced pressure to yield 15 mg of trans,trans-muconicacid, a 13 percent yield.

Example 83 Isomerization of Cis,Trans-Muconic Acid toTrans,Trans-Muconic Acid in Ethyl Acetate

cis,trans-muconic acid (103 mg, 0.767 mmol) is dissolved in ethylacetate (10 mL) at room temperature and a crystal of iodine (27 mg,0.106 mmol) is added. The reaction mixture is allowed to stir at roomtemperature for 24 hours. The precipitate is filtered, washed withice-cold acetonitrile and dried under reduced pressure to yield 60 mg oftrans,trans-muconic acid, a 58 percent yield.

Example 84 Isomerization of Cis,Trans-Muconic Acid toTrans,Trans-Muconic Acid in Ethyl Ether

cis,trans-Muconic acid (119 mg, 0.838 mmol) is dissolved in ethyl ether(10 mL) at room temperature and a crystal of iodine (7.2 mg, 0.028 mmol)is added. The reaction mixture is allowed to stir at room temperaturefor 24 hour. The precipitate is filtered, washed with ice-coldacetonitrile and dried under reduced pressure to yield 100 mg oftrans,trans-muconic acid, a 84 percent yield.

Example 85 Isomerization of Cis,Trans-Muconic Acid toTrans,Trans-Muconic Acid in Tetrahydrofuran

cis,trans-Muconic acid (38.3 g, 269.7 mmol) is dissolved in THF (400 mL)at room temperature and a crystal of iodine (247 mg, 0.972 mmol) isadded. The reaction mixture is allowed to stir at room temperature for24 hours. The precipitate is obtained by filtration, washed withice-cold tetrahydrofuran (2×) and dried under reduced pressure to yield33.2 g (a 86 percent yield) of trans,trans-muconic acid. The reactionsequence is shown in FIG. 3.

Examples 86 to 90 Isomerization of Cis,Trans-Dimethyl Muconate toTrans,Trans-Dimethyl Muconate

Several experiments for the isomerization of cis,trans-dimethyl muconateto trans,trans-dimethyl muconate are performed according to thefollowing procedure. Cis,trans-dimethyl muconate is dissolved intetrahydrofuran (50 mL) and stirred. Iodine is then added and theprogress of the isomerization is monitored by HPLC. The precipitate,trans,trans-dimethyl muconate, is obtained by filtration and washed withice-cold tetrahydrofuran. The filtrate is analyzed by HPLC to determinethe total yield of the conversion. Table 6 summarizes the resultsobtained for this reaction.

TABLE 6 Yield Yield Amount Amount Time percent percent Example Muconateg Iodine mg hours Isolated Total 86 10 74.7 3 88 97 87 10 75.3 5 54 7588 10 79.3 24 91 100 89 10 78.6 6 90 94 90 10 80.0 6 91 97

Example 91 Synthesis of Cis,Trans-Dimethyl Muconate

cis,trans-muconic acid (42.6 g, 0.30 mol) is dissolved in methanol (1500mL) to which is added concentrated sulfuric acid (2 mL, 0.037 mol). Theresulting solution is refluxed for 24 hours and the progress of thereaction is monitored by HPLC. Once the conversion of cis,trans-dimethylmuconate is completed as detected by HPLC, the reaction is cooled toroom temperature and concentrated until white solid began crashing outand the reaction mixture is then cooled to 0° C. overnight. Thecis,trans-dimethyl muconate is obtained by filtration, washed with coldtetrahydrofuran and dried under reduced pressure to provide a totalyield of 95 percent.

Example 92 Synthesis of Dimethyl Terephthalate (DMT)—Continuous FlowReaction

In an Autoclave Engineers BTRS-Jr continuous flow reactor, a 0.2 Msolution of dimethyl cyclohexene-1,4-dicarboxylate, both the 2-ene and1-ene tautomer are suitable substrates, is passed over hot Pd/Al₂O₃ [2.5g of 5 percent Pd/Al₂O₃ (Johnson-Matthey #13, uniform metal location, 20microns mean particle size, 1.23 percent H₂O) in a 10 ml catalystchamber] in an up-stream flow direction under N₂ pressure. Selectedreaction conditions are shown in the Table 7.

TABLE 7 Flow % % % ratio rate P N₂, Yield % Yield Yield C_(DMT)/ Sam-(ml/ psi Me₂- Yield Me₂- Me- C_(CHa) ple t (h) min) (MPa) T ° C. Δ² DMTΔ¹ CHa at 8 h 1 0 0.2  15  23 88   0 12  0 — (0.103) 2 5 0.2 200 300 080 10 10  8/1 (0.138) 3 6 0.2 200 300 0 84  7  9 13/1 (0.138) 4 7 1.0365 365 0 82  5 12  7/1 (2.52)  5 7.5 1.0 250 365 0 86  6  9 10/1(1.72)  C_(DMT)/C_(CHa) is the mole ratio of Dimethyl Terephthalate tothe 1,4-di(methylcarboxylate) cyclohexane

1. A composition comprising a compound corresponding to the formula

wherein: R¹ is independently in each occurrence hydrogen or ahydrocarbyl group optionally containing a heteroatom containingfunctional group wherein the hydrocarbyl group does not interfere in theformation of the cyclohexene compound; R² is independently in eachoccurrence hydrogen or a hydrocarbyl group optionally containing aheteroatom containing functional group wherein the hydrocarbyl groupdoes not interfere in the formation of the cyclohexene compound; and R³is independently in each occurrence hydrogen or a hydrocarbyl groupoptionally containing a heteroatom containing functional group whereinthe hydrocarbyl group does not interfere in the formation of thecyclohexene compound; with the proviso that R² and R³ may be combined toform a cyclic ring which may contain heteroatoms; Z is independently ineach occurrence an anion, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur halogen or nitrile;and, b is independently in each occurrence 0, 1 or 2 with the provisothat b is 0 when Z is an anion, nitrile or halogen; 1 when Z is oxygenor sulfur and 2 when Z in nitrogen; wherein the compounds containdetectable traces of Carbon 14 and 6 or more of the carbon atoms arederived from renewable resources.
 2. A composition according to claim 1wherein the composition comprises Carbon 14 in an amount of up to about1 part per trillion.
 3. A composition according to claim 1 comprisingcompounds corresponding to the formula

wherein: R¹ is independently in each occurrence hydrogen or ahydrocarbyl group optionally containing a heteroatom containingfunctional group wherein the hydrocarbyl group does not interfere in theformation of the cyclohexene compound; R² is independently in eachoccurrence hydrogen or a hydrocarbyl group optionally containing aheteroatom containing functional group wherein the hydrocarbyl groupdoes not interfere in the formation of the cyclohexene compound; and R³is independently in each occurrence hydrogen or a hydrocarbyl groupoptionally containing a heteroatom containing functional group whereinthe hydrocarbyl group does not interfere in the formation of thecyclohexene compound; with the proviso that R² and R³ may be combined toform a cyclic ring which may contain heteroatoms.
 4. A compositionaccording to claim 3 wherein: R¹ is independently in each occurrence aC₁₋₁₀ alkyl group; and R² and R³ are independently in each occurrencehydrogen, alkyl, alkaryl, aryl, carboxyoxy alkyl or may be combined toform a cyclic ring which may contain one or more hetero atoms.
 5. Acomposition according to claim 1 comprising compounds corresponding tothe formula

wherein R¹ is independently in each occurrence hydrogen, a hydrocarbylgroup optionally containing a heteroatom containing functional group; R³is independently in each occurrence hydrogen, alkyl, alkaryl, aryl,carboxyoxy alkyl which may contain one or more hetero atoms; R⁴ isindependently in each occurrence hydrogen, a hydrocarbyl groupoptionally containing a heteroatom containing functional group; R⁵ isindependently in each occurrence a hydrocarbyl group optionallycontaining a heteroatom containing functional group; and a isindependently in each occurrence an integer of from 0 to
 5. 6. A methodcomprising contacting one or more muconic acid dienes or carboxylatederivatives thereof with one or more dienophiles under conditions suchthat the one or more muconic acid dienes or carboxylate derivativesthereof and one or more dienophiles form one or more cyclohexene ringcontaining compounds; and contacting the cyclohexene ring containingcompounds with a dehydrogenation catalyst under conditions such that oneor more compounds containing a benzene ring with carboxylate derivativesat the 1 and 4 position are formed.
 7. A method according to claim 6wherein the cyclohexene ring containing compounds are contacted with adehydrogenation catalyst in the presence of an oxidant.
 8. A methodaccording to claim 7 wherein the temperature of contacting the one ormore muconic acids or carboxylate derivatives with one or moredienophiles is about 130° C. to about 170° C.
 9. A method according toclaim 7 wherein stoichiometric or greater amounts of oxidant arecontacted with the cyclohexene ring containing compounds.
 10. A methodaccording to claim 6 wherein the one or more muconic acids orcarboxylate derivatives thereof and the one or more dienophiles arecontacted in the presence of one or more compounds which inhibit thepolymerization of compounds containing unsaturated groups.
 11. A methodaccording to claim 6 wherein the one or more muconic acids orcarboxylate derivatives thereof are in the trans,trans isomericarrangement.
 12. A method according to claim 6 wherein one or morecarboxylate esters of muconic acid are contacted with the one or moredienophiles.
 13. A method according to claim 6 wherein the one or moredienophiles comprise one or more unsaturated cyclic compounds, one ormore unsaturated esters or aromatic compounds having at least oneunsaturated substituent.
 14. A method according to claim 6 wherein theone or more dienophiles are reacted with one or more trans, transmuconic acids or carboxylate derivatives thereof, wherein the one ormore of muconic acid or carboxylate derivates thereof are prepared by aprocess including the step of isomerization of one or more of cis,cismuconic acid or carboxylate derivatives thereof and cis, trans muconicacid and carboxylate derivatives thereof to trans,trans muconic acid andcarboxylate derivatives thereof.
 15. A method according to claim 6wherein the one or more of muconic acid, or carboxylate esters thereof,are prepared from one or more of cis, trans and cis, cis muconic acidwhich process comprises contacting one or more of cis, cis and cis,transmuconic acids or carboxylate esters thereof, with one or moreisomerization catalysts, a source of ultraviolet radiation or both in asolvent for a period of time such that the cis, cis and/or cis,transmuconic acid, or carboxylate esters thereof, isomerize to trans,transmuconic acid or carboxylate esters thereof.
 16. A method according toclaim 6 wherein one or more trans,trans carboxylate esters of muconicacid are reacted with the one or more dienophiles wherein the trans,trans esters of muconic acid are prepared by a) contacting cis, cismuconic acid and one or more isomerization catalysts, a source ofultraviolet radiation or both in a solvent for a period of time suchthat the cis,cis muconic acid isomerizes to trans, trans muconic acid;b) recovering the trans, trans muconic acid; and c) contacting thetrans, trans muconic acid with one or more esterifying agents in thepresence of one or more strong acids under conditions that one or moretrans, trans dialkyl muconates are formed.
 17. A method according toclaim 6 wherein the muconic acids or carboxylate derivatives thereofcorrespond to one of the formulas;

the dienophile corresponds to the formula;

the cyclohexene compound corresponds to one of the formulas

and the compounds prepared correspond to the formula

wherein the dienophile contains one or more double or triple bonds; R¹is independently in each occurrence hydrogen or a hydrocarbyl groupoptionally containing a heteroatom containing functional group whereinthe hydrocarbyl group does not interfere in the formation of thecyclohexene compound; R² is independently in each occurrence hydrogen ora hydrocarbyl group optionally containing a heteroatom containingfunctional group wherein the hydrocarbyl group does not interfere in theformation of the cyclohexene compound; and R³ is independently in eachoccurrence hydrogen or a hydrocarbyl group optionally containing aheteroatom containing functional group wherein the hydrocarbyl groupdoes not interfere in the formation of the cyclohexene compound; withthe proviso that R² and R³ may be combined to form a cyclic ring whichmay contain heteroatoms; Z is independently in each occurrence an anion,oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur halogen or nitrile; and, b is independently ineach occurrence 0, 1 or 2 with the proviso that b is 0 when Z is ananion, nitrile or halogen; 1 when Z is oxygen or sulfur and 2 when Z innitrogen.
 18. A method for preparing one or more terephthalate esterbased compounds according to claim 6 comprising a) contacting cis, cismuconic acid and iodine, exposing the cis, cis muconic acid toultraviolet light, or both in a protic or aprotic solvent for a periodof time such that the cis,cis muconic acid isomerizes to the trans,trans muconic acid; b) recovering the trans, trans muconic acid; and c)contacting the trans, trans muconic acid with an alkanol in the presenceof a strong acid under conditions that trans, trans dialkyl muconate isformed: d) contacting the dialkyl muconate with one or more dienophilesat a temperature of about 130° C. to about 170° C. under conditions suchthat the dialkyl muconate and one or more dienophiles form one or morecyclohexene ring containing compounds; and e) contacting the cyclohexenering containing compounds with an oxidant in the presence of one or moredehydrogenation catalysts under conditions such that one or morecompounds containing a benzene ring with alkyl carboxylate or carboxylicacid groups at the 1 and 4 position are prepared.
 19. A method accordingto claim 17 wherein the cis, cis muconic acid is prepared by microbialsynthesis under fermentor controlled conditions.
 20. A method comprisingcontacting one or more of cis, cis and cis,trans muconic acids orcarboxylate esters thereof, with one or more isomerization catalysts, asource of ultraviolet radiation or both and one or more dienophiles in asolvent under conditions such that the one or more muconic acid dienesor carboxylate derivatives thereof and one or more dienophiles form oneor more cyclohexene ring containing compounds; and contacting thecyclohexene ring containing compounds with a dehydrogenation catalystunder conditions such that one or more compounds containing a benzenering with carboxylate derivatives at the 1 and 4 position are formed.21. A method comprising contacting one or more muconic acid dienes orcarboxylate derivatives thereof with one or more dienophiles in asolvent under conditions such that the one or more muconic acid dienesor carboxylate derivatives thereof and one or more dienophiles form oneor more cyclohexene ring containing compounds; and contacting thecyclohexene ring containing compounds in the solvent of the first stepwith a dehydrogenation catalyst under conditions such that one or morecompounds containing a benzene ring with carboxylate derivatives at the1 and 4 position are formed.
 22. A method according to claim 21 whereinthe solvent is a glycol ether or polyglycol ether.
 23. A methodaccording to claim 6 comprising contacting one or more muconic acids orcarboxylates thereof with one or more 1,2-acetylenic acids or estersthereof in air or an inert gas at elevated temperature and elevatedpressure under conditions such that the one or more muconic acids orcarboxylate derivatives thereof and one or more 1,2-acetylenic acids oresters thereof form one or more trimellitates.
 24. A method comprisingcontacting one or more cyclohexene compounds having carboxylate groupsat the 1 and 4 position with an oxidant under conditions such that oneor more compounds having at least one 6 membered aromatic ring havingcarboxylate groups at the 1 and 4 position of the 6 membered ring areprepared; wherein the cyclohexene compounds are derived from muconicacid prepared from renewable resources.
 25. A method according to claim6 comprising contacting one or more muconic acids or carboxylatederivatives thereof with one or more dienophiles comprising one or moreacrylic acids or esters thereof at elevated temperatures underconditions such that the one or more muconic acids or carboxylatederivatives thereof and acrylic acids or esters thereof form one or morecyclohexene ring containing compounds wherein a carboxylate issubstituted on the cyclohexane ring at the 1, 2 and 4 positions; andcontacting the cyclohexene ring containing compound with an oxidantunder conditions such that one or more trimellitic acid or carboylatesthereof are prepared.